tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29394027978797170702024-02-18T20:23:14.709-08:00The Real Educationgani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-45149020815718502902012-10-20T19:49:00.002-07:002012-10-20T19:49:32.860-07:00Analisa Pewarna Makanan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik analisa canggih</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telah diketahui bahwa berbagai jenis makanan dan minuman yang beredar di
Indonesia, baik secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja, telah diwarnai dengan
pewarna tekstil atau yang bukan zat pewarna “food grade”, yaitu yang tidak
diizinkan digunakan dalam makanan. Pewarna-pewarna tersebut memang lebih banyak
digunakan untuk tekstil, kertas atau kulit. Seperti telah diketahui,
berdasarkan beberapa penelitian telah dibuktikan bahwa beberapa zat pewarna
tekstil yang tidak diizinkan tersebut bersifat racun bagi manusia sehingga
dapat membahayakan kesehatan konsumen, dan senyawa tersebut memiliki peluang
dapat menyebabkan kanker pada hewan-hewan percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di laboratorium yang maju, analisis pewarna makanan sudah secara rutin
dilakukan, dengan berbagai metoda, teknik dan cara. Sebagian besar dari cara
analisa tersebut masih berdasarkan suatu prinsip kromatografi atau pun
menggunakan alat spektrophotometer. Cara tersebut digunakan untuk mendeteksi
zat pewarna tersebut secara teliti, karena itu minimal diperlukan fasilitas
yang cukup canggih serta dituntut tersedianya berbagai pelarut organik, yang
biasanya cukup mahal harganya. Di samping itu teknik tersebut juga memerlukan
tenaga terampil yang profesional. Molar extinction coefficient Rhodamin B
adalah 106,000 M-1cm-1 pada panjang gelombang 542,75 nm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk
mencari beberapa metoda yang praktis tetapi teliti untuk mengidentifikasi
adanya pewarna sintetik dan bila perlu dapat membedakan jenis pewarna sintetik
dalam makanan. Hal tersebut penting sekali bagi laboratorium pangan, pembuat
kebijaksanaan dan organisasi pelindung konsumen agar mempunyai suatu teknik
atau metoda analisis yang cepat cara kerjanya dan dapat membedakan antara zat
pewarna makanan dengan pewarna tekstil. Teknik analisis tersebut seyogyanya
yang cukup sederhana sehingga mudah dilakukan di tingkat rumah tangga dan di
lapangan bagi penjual zat pewarna atau penjual makanan. Adanya kebutuhan yang
mendesak tersebut juga ditegaskan oleh JECFA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik analisa sederhana</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Babu & Indushekhar S (1990) dari NIN
Hyderabad India, telah melaporkan hasil penelitiannya, bahwa deteksi zat
pewarna sintetik dapat dilakukan secara sederhana dengan menggunakan peralatan
yang sederhana, seperti gelas, air dan kertas saring. Sehingga tidak diperlukan
adanya pelarut ataupun memerlukan tersedianya peralatan khusus. Metoda ini
dapat dikerjakan di rumah maupun di lapangan. Keistimewaan atau keuntungan
penting dari metoda tersebut adalah karena cara analisisnya tidak membutuhkan
ketersediaan zat pewarna-pewarna standar apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ide dari metoda sederhana ini didasarkan pada kemampuan zat pewarna tekstil
yang berbeda dengan zat pewarna makanan sintetis, di antaranya karena daya
kelarutannya dalam air yang berbeda. Zat pewarna tekstil seperti misalnya
Rhodamin B (merah), Methanil Yellow (kuning), dan Malachite Green (hijau),
bersifat tidak mudah larut dalam air. Pada Tabel 1, dapat dilihat daftar
beberapa pewarna sintetik yang mudah larut dan tidak mudah larut dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kromatografi</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kromatografi adalah suatu nama yang diberikan untuk teknik pemisahan
tertentu. Pada dasarnya semua cara kromatografi menggunakan dua fase tetap (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>stationary</i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">) dan yang lain fase bergerak (</span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mobile)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">; pemisahan-pemisahan tergantung pada gerakan relative dari dua fase
ini (Sastrohamidjojo,1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kromatografi kertas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip kerjanya adalah kromatography kertas dengan pelarut air (PAM,
destilata, atau air sumur). Setelah zat pewarna diteteskan di ujung kertas
rembesan (elusi), air dari bawah akan mampu menyeret zat-zat pewrna yang larut dalam
air (zat pewarn makanan) lebih jauh dibandingkan dengan zat pewarna tekstil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejumlah cuplikan 30-50 g ditimbang dalam gelas kimia 100 ml, ditambahkan
asam asetat encer kemudian dimasukan benang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>wool </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bebas lemak secukupnya,
lalu dipanaskan di atas nyala api kecil selama 30 menit sambil diaduk. Benang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>wool </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dipanaskan dari larutan dan dicuci dengan air dingin
berulang-ulang hingga bersih. Pewarna dilarutkan dari benang wool dengan
penambahan ammonia 10% di atas penangas air hingga bebas ammonia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Totolkan pada kertas kromatografi, juga totolkan zat warna pembanding yang
cocok (larutan pekatan yang berwarna merah gunakan pewarna zat warna merah).
Jarak rambatan elusi 12 cm dari tepi bawah kertas. Elusi dengan eluen 1
(etilmetalketon : aseton : air = 70 : 30 : 30) dan eluen II (2 gr NaCl dalam
100 ml etanol 50%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keringkan kertas kromatografi di udara pada suhu kamar. Amati bercak-bercak
yang timbul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perhitungan / penentuan zat warna dengan cara mengukur nilai Rf dari
masing-masing bercak tersebut, dengan cara membagi jarak gerak zat terlarut
oleh jarak zat pelarut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kromatrogafi lapis tipis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diantara berbagai jenis teknik kromatrografi, kromatografi lapis tipis
(KLT) adalah yang paling cocok untukk analisis obat di laboratorium farmasi
(Stahl,1985). Kromatografi Lapis Tipis dapat digunakan untuk memisahkan
berbagai senyawa seperti ion-ion organik, kompleks senyawa-senyawa organik
dengan anorganik, dan senyawa-senyawa organik baik yang terdapat di alam dan
senyawa-senyawa organik sintetik. KLT merupakan kromatografi adsorbs dan
adsorben bertindak sebagai fase stasioner. Empat macam adsorbs dan adsorben
bertindak sebagai fase stasioner. Empat macam adsorben yang umum dipakai ialah
silica gel ( asam silikat ), alumina ( aluminum oxydae ) , kieselguhr (
diatomeus earth ) dan selulosa. Dari keempat jenis adsorben tersebut yang
paling bnayak dipakai adalah silica gel karena hampir semua zat dapat
dipisahkan oleh jenis adsorban ini. Sifat sifat umum dari penyerapan-penyerap
untuk kromatografi lapis tipis ini adalah mirip dengan sifat-sifat penyerap
untuk kromatografi kolom. Dua sifat yang penting dari penyerap adalah besar
partikel dan homogenitasnya, karena adhesi terhadap penyokong sangat bergantung
pada mereka. Fase gerak ialah medium angkut dan terdiri atas satu atau beberapa
pelarut. Ia bergerak dalam di dalam fase diam, yaitu suatu lapisan berpori ,
karena ada gaya kapiler. Jika fase gerak dan fase diam telah dipilih dengan
tepat, bercak cuplikan awal dipisahkan menjadi sederet bercak, masing-masing
bercak diharapkan merupakan komponen tunggal dari campuran. Perbedaan migrasi
merupakan dasar pemisahan kromatografi, tanpa perbedaan dalam kecepatan migrasi
dari senyawa,tidak mungkin terjadi pemisahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksi kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara reaksi kimia dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan pereaksi-pereaksi
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HCL pekat<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pekat<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaOH 10%<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NH<sub>4</sub>OH 10%<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Matriks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keunggulan teknik analisa sederhana ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara ini praktis untuk mengecek
atau mengidentifikasi zat warna dalam kemasan yang akan digunakan untuk
mengolah makanan secara spesifik. Bila akan menganalisis zat warna yang
terdapat dalam makanan, harus diekstraksi dulu sehingga mendapatkan
larutan dengan konsentrasi 1 g/l zat pewarna.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para teknisi laboratorium dan
lembaga konsumen, bahkan siswa SMA serta konsumen awam, kini dapat dengan
mudah, cepat dan sederhana mendeteksi zat warna tekstil tersebut, bila
diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keunggulan lain dari metoda
sederhana ini adalah tidak diperlukannya standar pembanding (kecuali ingin
mendeteksi zat pewarna apa). Akan tetapi hasil uji dengan metoda tersebut
perlu pula dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut dengan uji yang dikerjakan di
laboratorium dengan menggunakan metoda konvensional. Sehingga dapat
benar-benar diyakini bahwa bahan pewarna tersebut tidak mengandung dyes
tekstil. Hal ini penting karena terkadang hasil penelitian terbaru dapat
mencabut ijin pemakaian bahan pewarna tertentu yang sebelumnya tercantum
di dalam daftar pewarna yang diijinkan, seperti yang terjadi di India
mengenai pemakaian Fast Red E.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disusun oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Devianti ; Sri Eli Lestari ; Iin Indrayani ; Vina Nur Syaidah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Farmasi UNISBA</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Heveltica","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber pustaka:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://kimiafarmasi.wordpress.com/tag/zat-pewarna-makanan/">http://kimiafarmasi.wordpress.com/tag/zat-pewarna-makanan/</a><span style="font-family: "Heveltica","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-67283939768409087092012-10-09T07:03:00.002-07:002012-10-09T07:03:48.245-07:00PENGAWET<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #E7E7E7 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 19.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 15.75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 19.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Rockwell","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Bahan Tambahan
Makanan: Pengawet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/"><span style="color: white; font-size: 27.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; text-underline: none;">JAN</span></b></a></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis produk makanan
saat ini diproduksi tidak hanya memperhatikan zat gizi yang terkandung,
melainkan juga mensiasati bagaimana jenis makanan yang dikemas, mudah
disajikan, praktis, atau diolah dengan cara modern. Makanan tersebut umumnya
diproduksi oleh industri pengolahan pangan dengan teknologi tinggi dan
memberikan berbagai zat aditif untuk mengawetkan dan memberikan cita rasa bagi
produk tersebut. Makanan siap saji contohnya berupa lauk pauk dalam kemasan,
mie instan,</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>nugget</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, atau juga</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>corn flakes</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai
makanan untuk sarapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat aditif adalah bahan kimia yang
dicampurkan ke dalam makanan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas,
menambahkan rasa dan memantapkan kesegaran produk. Salah satu zat tambahan yang
dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan nilai dan kualitas produk adalah pengawet.
Pengolahan (pengawetan) dilakukan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan (lamanya
suatu produk dapat disimpan tanpa mengalami kerusakan) produk pangan. Proses
pengolahan apa yang akan dilakukan, tergantung pada berapa lama umur simpan
produk yang diinginkan, dan berapa banyak perubahan mutu produk yang dapat
diterima. Berdasarkan target waktu pengawetan, maka pengawetan dapat bersifat
jangka pendek atau bersifat jangka panjang (Syamsir, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.
PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Food
Additive</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP) adalah bahan atau
campuran bahan yang secara alami BUKAN merupakan bagian dari bahan baku pangan,
tetapi ditambahkan ke dalam pangan untuk mempengaruhi sifat atau bentuk pangan,
antara lain bahan pewarna, pengawet, penyedap rasa, anti gumpal, pemucat, dan
pengental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Didalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI
No.722/Menkes/Per/IX/88 dijelaskan bahwa BTP adalah bahan yang biasanya tidak
digunakan sebagai makanan dan biasanya bukan merupakan tambahan khas makanan,
mempunyai atau tidak mempunyai nilai gizi, yang dengan sengaja ditambahkan ke
dalam makanan untuk maksud teknologi pada pembuatan, pengolahan, penyiapan,
perlakuan, pengepakan, pengemasan, penyimpanan atau pengangkutan makanan untuk
menghasilkan atau diharapkan menghasilkan suatu komponen atau mempengaruhi
sifat khas makanan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari BTP sudah
digunakan secara oleh masyarakat, termasuk dalam pembuatan makanan jajanan.
Dalam prakteknya masih banyak produsen pangan yang menggunakan bahan tambahan
yang beracun atau berbahaya bagi kesehatan yang sebenarnya tidak boleh
digunakan dalam makanan. Hal ini disebabkan karena ketidaktahuan produsen
pangan, baik mengenai sifat-sifat dan keamanan maupun mengenai peraturan
tentang BTP. Karena pengaruh terhadap kesehatan umumnya tidak langsung dapat
dirasakan atau dilihat, maka produsen seringkali tidak menyadari
penggunaan BTP yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet makanan termasuk dalam kelompok
zat tambahan makanan yang bersifat inert secara farmakologik (efektif dalam
jumlah kecil dan tidak toksis). Pengawet penggunaannya sangat luas,
hampir seluruh industry mempergunakannya termasuk industri farmasi, kosmetik,
dan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.
PENGGUNAAN BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet umumnya digunakan untuk
mengawetkan pangan yang mempunyai sifat mudah rusak. Bahan ini dapat menghambat
atau memperlambat proses fermentasi, pengasaman atau peruraian yang disebabkan
oleh mikroba. Tetapi tidak jarang produsen pangan menggunakannya pada makanan
yang relatif awet dengan tujuan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan atau
memperbaiki tekstur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan pengawet dalam makanan harus
tepat, baik jenis maupun dosisnya. Suatu bahan pengawet mungkin efektif untuk
mengawetkan makanan tertentu, tetapi tidak efektif untuk mengawetkan makanan
lainnya karena makanan mempunyai sifat yang berbeda-beda sehingga mikroba
perusak yang akan dihambat pertumbuhannya juga berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum penambahan bahan pengawet
pada pangan bertujuan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba pembusuk pada pangan
baik yang bersifat patogen maupun tidak patogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperpanjang umur simpan pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak menurunkan kualitas gizi, warna, cita rasa, dan
bau bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak untuk menyembunyikan keadaan pangan yang
berkualitas rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak digunakan untuk menyembunyikan penggunaan bahan
yang salah atau yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak digunakan untuk menyembunyikan kerusakan bahan
pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat beberapa persyaratan untuk
bahan pengawet kimiawi lainnya, selain persyaratan yang dituntut utnuk semua
bahan pangan, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi arti ekonomis dari pengawetan (secara ekonomis
menguntungkan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan hanya apabila cara-cara pengawetan yang lain
tidak mencukupi atau tidak tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperpanjang umur simpan dalam pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak menurunkan kualitas (warna, cita rasa, dan bau)
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah dilarutkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menunjukkan sifat-sifat anti mikroba pada jenjang pH
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aman dalam jumlah yang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah ditentukan dengan analisis kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak mneghambat enzim-enzim pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. Tidak mengalami dekomposisi atau
tidak bereaksi untuk membentuk suatu senyawa kompleks yang bersifat lebih
toksik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. Mudah dikontrol dan didistribusikan
secara merata dalam bahan pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12. Mempunyai spektra antimikroba yang
luas yang meliputi macam-macam pembusukan oleh mikroba yang berhubungan dengan
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bahan pengawet selain dapat
mencirikan bahan pengawet yang bersangkutan, ternyata juga diperlukan untuk
menentukan cara penggunaan bahan pengawet terutama sifat kelarutannya.
Penambahan bahan pengawet dalam bahan pangan dapan dilakukan dengan beberapa
cara, yaitu pencampuran, pencelupan, penyemprotan, pengasapan, dan pelapisan
pada pembungkus pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet yang banyak dijual di pasaran
dan digunakan untuk mengawetkan berbagai makanan adalah benzoat, yang umumnya
terdapat dalam bentuk natrium benzoat atau kalium benzoat yang bersifat lebih mudah
larut. Benzoat sering digunakan untuk mengawetkan berbagai makanan dan minuman
seperti sari buah, minuman ringan, saus tomat, saus sambal, jeli dan jeli,
manisan, kecap, dan lain-lain (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.
JENIS-JENIS BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa bahan pengawet yang umum
digunakan dan jenis makanan serta batas penggunaannya pada makanan terdiri dari
bahan-bahan organik dan anorganik. Bahan-bahan organik diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat</span></i><b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan garamnya </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yaitu bahan yang digunakan untuk mengawetkan minuman
ringan dan kecap (600 mg,/kg), serta sari buah, saus tomat, saus sambal, jem
dan jeli, manisan, agar, dan makanan lain (1 g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat, berbentuk hablur atau jarum putih,
sedikit berbau benzaldehid atau benzoin. Agak mudah menguap pada suhu hangat
dan mudah menguap dalam uap air. Sukar larut dalam air, mudah larut dalam
etanol dan dalam eter, mengalami disosiasi tergantung pada pH mediumnya. Sifat
yang tidak terdisosiasi inilah yang mempunyai efektivitas sebagai pengawet
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium Benzoat, berupa granul atau serbuk hablur
berwarna putih, tidak berbau dan stabil di udara. Mudah larut dalam air, agak
sukar larut dalam etanol dan lebih mudah larut dalam etanol 95 %, bentuk
aktifnya sebagai pengawet sebesar 84,7 % pada pH 4,8 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium Benzoat, kristal larut air dan alkohol dan
efektivitas sebagai pengawet pada pH 4,2 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium Benzoat, kristal yang larut dalam air dan
alkohol. Dalam air padat pada suhu 25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C larut sebesar
40 g/L dengan efektivitas sebagai pengawet pada pH 4,2 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Ester
para-hidroksi benzoat</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil para-hidroksi benzoat, berupa hablur tidak
berwarna atau serbuk hablur putih, tidak berbau atau berbau khas lemah,
mempunyai sedikit rasa terbakar. Sukar larut dalam air air, benzen, CCl<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">4</span></sub>, namun mudah larut dalam etanol dan dalam eter.
Betuk aktif sebagai pengawet 87,4 % pada range pH 8,5. Garam natriumnya mudah
larut dalam air pada suhu 25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C dengan bentuk
yang aktif sebagai pengawet adalah 87,4 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Propil para-hidroksi benzoat, hablur kecil atau serbuk
serbuk dan tidak berwarna. Sangat sukar larut air, mudah larut dalam etanol dan
dalam eter dan sukar larut dalam air mendidih. Bentuk aktif sebagai pengawet
adalah 89,1 % pada range 8,5. Garam natriumnya mudah larut dalam air pada suhu
25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C, bentuk aktif sebagai pengawet adalah 89,1 % pada
range 8,5 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Propionat</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan
bentuk garamnya, yaitu bahan pengawet untuk roti (2 g/kg) dan keju olahan (3
g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Sorbat dan garamnya</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yaitu bahan pengawet untuk margarin, pekatan sari
buah, dan keju (1 g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat, berupa serbuk putih yang mudah larut
dalam air, sukar larut dalam alkohol, dan tidak larut dalam minyak. Bagian
aktif yang sebagai pengawet sebesar 77,1 % pada range pH 4,9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium propionat, berupa serbuk putih, larut dalam
alkohol, kloroform, dan eter. Bagian yang aktif sebagai pengawet sebesar 77,1 %
pada range pH 4,9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium propionat, berupa serbuk putih dan larut dalam
alkohol, kloroform, dan eter serta aktif sebagai pengawet pada range pH 4,9
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat, berupa serbuk hablur putih, mengalir
bebas dan baunya khas. Sukar larut dalam air serta larut dalam etanol dan dalam
eter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium sorbat, berbentuk bubuk berwarna putih, larut
dakam air dan tidak larut dalam alkohol dan minyak. Bentuk aktif sebagai
pengawet 83,6 % pada pH 4,8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium sorbat, berbentuk kristal putih atau bentuk
tepung dengan bau yang khas. Larut dalam air dan sedikit larut dalam etanol,
kelarutannya bertambah dengan bertambahnya suhu (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut ini komposisi atau struktur kimia yang
mempunyai aktivitas sebagai bahan pengawet pangan yang termasuk jenis senyawa
organik dan garamnya terlihat pada tabel di bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 499px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nama
Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur
Kimia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumus
Molekul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>)Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH=CH-CH=CH-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH=CH-CH=CH-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil-p-hidroksi
benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Propil-p-hidroksi
benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">10</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">12</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etil-p-hidroksi-benzoat
(etil paraben)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">9</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">10</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan-bahan anorganik yang biasa
digunakan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nitrit</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (dalam
bentuk garam kalium/natrium nitrit) dan nitrat (dalam bentuk garam
kalium/natrium nitrat), yaitu bahan pengawet untuk daging olahan atau yang
diawetkan seperti sosis (125 mg nitrit/kg atau 500 mg nitrat/kg), korned dalam
kaleng (50 mg nitrit/kg), atau keju (50 mg nitrat/kg) (Anonim, 2001). Berbentuk
granul berwarna putih, kelarutan (g/100 ml): kebanyakan digunakan dalam bentuk
garamnya dan mudah larut dalam air sedangkan sedikit larut dalam alkohol
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulfit</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(dalam bentuk garam
kalium atau natrium bisulfit atau metabisulfit), yaitu bahan pengawet untuk
potongan kentang goreng (50 mg/kg), udang beku (100 mg/kg), dan pekatan sari
nenas (500 mg/kg) (Anonim, 2001). Bentuk garam sulfitnya berbentuk granul dan
atau Kristal berwarna putih, agak sukar larut dalam air dan sedikit larut dalam
alkohol. Sedangkan bentuk garam bisulfitnya mudah larut dalam air (Kalium
Bisulfit) dan tidak larut dalam alkohol (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel. Struktur kimia dan sifat beberapa
bahan pengawet anorganik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 583px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumus
Molekul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="228"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelarutan
(gr/100ml)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pKa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="83"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alkohol</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Minyak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulfur dioksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium sulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium sulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium bisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium bisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium metabisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium metabisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium nitrat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium nitrat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Na<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaHSO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KHSO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Na<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>S<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>S<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">23,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">28,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">35,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">90.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">66,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="83"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0,16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal/ bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal/ bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D.
DAMPAK NEGATIF BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Efek Terhadap Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan utama dari pengujian jangka
panjang terhadap toksisitas bahan tambahan makanan adalah untuk menentukan
potensi karsinogenik suatu bahan atau senyawa, tetapi harus didukung pula
dengan pengujian jangka pendek. Konsentrasi bahan pengawet yang diizinkan oleh
peraturan bahan pangan sifatnya dalah penghambatan dan bukannya mematikan
organisme-organisme pencemar. Jumlah bahan pengawet yang diizinkan akan
mengawetkan bahan pangan dengan muatan mikroorganisme yang normal untuk satu
jangka waktu tertentu tetapi kurang efektif jika dicampurkan ke dalam
bahan-bahan pangan membusuk atau terkontaminasi secara berlebihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet organik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam benzoat dan garamnya (Ca, K dan Na)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metabolisme ini meliputi dua tahap
reaksi, pertama dikatalisis oleh enzim syntease dan pada reaksi kedua
dikatalisis oleh enzim acytransferase. Asam hipurat yang disinpengujiana dalam
hati ini, kemudian diekskresikan melalui urin. Jadi, di dalam tubuh tidak
terjadi penumpukan asam benzoat, sisa asam benzoat yang tidak diekskresi
sebagai asam hipurat dihilangkan toksisitasnya berkonjugasi dengan asam
glukoronat dan diekskresi melalui urin. Pada penderita asma dan orang yang
menderita urticaria sangat sensitif terhadap asam benzoat, jika dikonsumsi
dalam jumlah besar akan mengiritasi lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat dan garamnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat dalam tubuh dimetabolisme
seperti asam lemak biasa, dan tidak bereaksi sebagai antimetabolit. Kondisi
ekstrem (suhu dan konsentrasi sorbat tinggi) asam sorbat dapat bereaksi dengan
nitrit membentuk produk mutagen yang tidak terdeteksi di bawah kondisi normal
penggunaan, bahkan dalam curing asinan. Asam sorbat kemungkinan juga memberikan
efek iritasi pada kulit apabila langsung digunakan pada kulit, sedangkan untuk
garam sorbat belum diketahui efeknya terhadap tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat dan garamnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat dalam
tubuh dimetabolisme menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana seperti pada asam
lemak menjadi CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O. Natrium propionat, apabila diberikan dalam dosis
peroral sehari 6gr untuk laki-laki tidak menimbulkan toksik, namun pada laporan
lain dinyatakan bahwa asam propionat dan garamnya mempunyai aktivitas
antihistamin lokal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ester dari asam benzoat (paraben)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ester asam benzoat (metil-p-hidroksi
benzoat dan propil-p-hidroksi benzoat) memberikan gangguan berupa reaksi yang
spesifik. Senyawa ester-p-hidroksi benzoat diabsorpsi oleh saluran pencernaan
dan ikatan ester dihidrolisa di hati dan ginjal, yang menghasilkan sam
p-hidroksi benzoat yang diekskresi bersama urin. Umumnya metabolit dari paraben
ini diekskresikan dalam 6-24 jam yang diberikan dengan dosis intervenus dan
dosis oral. Metil-p-hidroksi benzoat dan garam natriumnya, pemakaiannya
memberikan efek terhadap kesehatan dengan timbulnya reaksi alergi pada mulut
dan kulit, sedangkan efek yang diberikan terhadap kesehatan karena penggunaan
propil-p-hidroksibenzoat dan garam natriumnya terutama orang penderita asma,
urticaria, dan yang sensitif terhadap aspirin akan memberikan reaksi alergi
kulit dan mulut (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet anorganik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh beberapa bahan pengawet
terhadap kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 93%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan
Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produk
Pangan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh
terhadap Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sulfur
dioksida<br />
(SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sari buah,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>cider</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, buah kering,
kacang kering, sirup, acar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat
menyebabkan pelukaan lambung, mempercepat serangan asma,
mutasi genetik, kanker dan alergi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> K-nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daging
kornet, daging kering, daging asin, pikel
daging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nitrit
mempengaruhi kemampuan sel darah untuk
membawa oksigen, menyebabkan
kesulitan bernafas dan sakit kepala,
anemia, radang ginjal, muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Na-metasulfat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Produk
roti dan tepung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Alergi
kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencermati kemungkinan gangguan
kesehatan seperti yang tercantum dalam Tabel, maka FDA mensyaratkan kepada
produsen pangan untuk membuktikan bahwa pengawet yang digunakan aman bagi
konsumen dengan mempertimbangkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a Kemungkinan
jumlah paparan bahan pengawet pada konsumen sebagai akibat mengkonsumsi produk
pangan yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b Pengaruh
kumulatif bahan pengawet dalam diet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c Potensi
toksisitas (termasuk penyebab kanker) bahan pengawet ketika tertelan oleh
manusia atau binatang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d Namun demikian
perlu diperhatikan hal-hal penting dalam menggunakan bahan tambahan pangan
pengawet adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e Pilih pengawet
yang benar/yang diijinkan untuk dalam pangan serta telah terdaftar di Badan
POM RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f
Bacalah takaran penggunaannya pada penandaan/label.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g Gunakan dengan
takaran yang benar sesuai petunjuk pada label.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h Membaca dengan
cermat label produk pangan yang dipilih/dibeli serta mengkonsumsinya secara
cerdas produk pangan yang menggunakan bahan pengawet (Anonim,
2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 1992.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Standar Nasional Indonesia</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Jakarta: Departemen Perindustrian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 2001.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Materi Penyuluhan Bagi
Perusahaan Makanan Industri Rumah Tangga</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.
Sleman: Dinas Kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 2008.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Mengenal Bahan Kimia Pengawet
dan Bahan Tambahan Pangan</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>http://www.skimaters.co.id</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. diakses tanggal 12 November 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cahyadi, W. 2006.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Analisis dan Aspek Kesehatan
Bahan Tambahan Pangan</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hoon, J. dan Flores,
J. D. 1998.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Potassium
Sorbate Diffusivity in American Processes and Mozarella Cheeses</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. J of Food Science. Vol. 63, No. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kingkate, A. et. al.
Gas</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Chromatographic
Determination of Propionate Acid, Sodium and Calcium Propionate in Bread and
Cake</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. J. Chrom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Sumber pustaka: </div>
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<a href="http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/">http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/</a></div>
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gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-45700579930630968432012-10-09T07:02:00.003-07:002012-10-09T07:02:58.955-07:00PENGAWET<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #E7E7E7 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 19.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 15.75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 19.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Rockwell","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Bahan Tambahan
Makanan: Pengawet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/"><span style="color: white; font-size: 27.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; text-underline: none;">JAN</span></b></a></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis produk makanan
saat ini diproduksi tidak hanya memperhatikan zat gizi yang terkandung,
melainkan juga mensiasati bagaimana jenis makanan yang dikemas, mudah
disajikan, praktis, atau diolah dengan cara modern. Makanan tersebut umumnya
diproduksi oleh industri pengolahan pangan dengan teknologi tinggi dan
memberikan berbagai zat aditif untuk mengawetkan dan memberikan cita rasa bagi
produk tersebut. Makanan siap saji contohnya berupa lauk pauk dalam kemasan,
mie instan,</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>nugget</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, atau juga</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>corn flakes</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai
makanan untuk sarapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat aditif adalah bahan kimia yang
dicampurkan ke dalam makanan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas,
menambahkan rasa dan memantapkan kesegaran produk. Salah satu zat tambahan yang
dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan nilai dan kualitas produk adalah pengawet.
Pengolahan (pengawetan) dilakukan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan (lamanya
suatu produk dapat disimpan tanpa mengalami kerusakan) produk pangan. Proses
pengolahan apa yang akan dilakukan, tergantung pada berapa lama umur simpan
produk yang diinginkan, dan berapa banyak perubahan mutu produk yang dapat
diterima. Berdasarkan target waktu pengawetan, maka pengawetan dapat bersifat
jangka pendek atau bersifat jangka panjang (Syamsir, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.
PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Food
Additive</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP) adalah bahan atau
campuran bahan yang secara alami BUKAN merupakan bagian dari bahan baku pangan,
tetapi ditambahkan ke dalam pangan untuk mempengaruhi sifat atau bentuk pangan,
antara lain bahan pewarna, pengawet, penyedap rasa, anti gumpal, pemucat, dan
pengental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Didalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI
No.722/Menkes/Per/IX/88 dijelaskan bahwa BTP adalah bahan yang biasanya tidak
digunakan sebagai makanan dan biasanya bukan merupakan tambahan khas makanan,
mempunyai atau tidak mempunyai nilai gizi, yang dengan sengaja ditambahkan ke
dalam makanan untuk maksud teknologi pada pembuatan, pengolahan, penyiapan,
perlakuan, pengepakan, pengemasan, penyimpanan atau pengangkutan makanan untuk
menghasilkan atau diharapkan menghasilkan suatu komponen atau mempengaruhi
sifat khas makanan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari BTP sudah
digunakan secara oleh masyarakat, termasuk dalam pembuatan makanan jajanan.
Dalam prakteknya masih banyak produsen pangan yang menggunakan bahan tambahan
yang beracun atau berbahaya bagi kesehatan yang sebenarnya tidak boleh
digunakan dalam makanan. Hal ini disebabkan karena ketidaktahuan produsen
pangan, baik mengenai sifat-sifat dan keamanan maupun mengenai peraturan
tentang BTP. Karena pengaruh terhadap kesehatan umumnya tidak langsung dapat
dirasakan atau dilihat, maka produsen seringkali tidak menyadari
penggunaan BTP yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet makanan termasuk dalam kelompok
zat tambahan makanan yang bersifat inert secara farmakologik (efektif dalam
jumlah kecil dan tidak toksis). Pengawet penggunaannya sangat luas,
hampir seluruh industry mempergunakannya termasuk industri farmasi, kosmetik,
dan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.
PENGGUNAAN BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet umumnya digunakan untuk
mengawetkan pangan yang mempunyai sifat mudah rusak. Bahan ini dapat menghambat
atau memperlambat proses fermentasi, pengasaman atau peruraian yang disebabkan
oleh mikroba. Tetapi tidak jarang produsen pangan menggunakannya pada makanan
yang relatif awet dengan tujuan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan atau
memperbaiki tekstur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan pengawet dalam makanan harus
tepat, baik jenis maupun dosisnya. Suatu bahan pengawet mungkin efektif untuk
mengawetkan makanan tertentu, tetapi tidak efektif untuk mengawetkan makanan
lainnya karena makanan mempunyai sifat yang berbeda-beda sehingga mikroba
perusak yang akan dihambat pertumbuhannya juga berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum penambahan bahan pengawet
pada pangan bertujuan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba pembusuk pada pangan
baik yang bersifat patogen maupun tidak patogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperpanjang umur simpan pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak menurunkan kualitas gizi, warna, cita rasa, dan
bau bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak untuk menyembunyikan keadaan pangan yang
berkualitas rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak digunakan untuk menyembunyikan penggunaan bahan
yang salah atau yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak digunakan untuk menyembunyikan kerusakan bahan
pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat beberapa persyaratan untuk
bahan pengawet kimiawi lainnya, selain persyaratan yang dituntut utnuk semua
bahan pangan, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi arti ekonomis dari pengawetan (secara ekonomis
menguntungkan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan hanya apabila cara-cara pengawetan yang lain
tidak mencukupi atau tidak tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperpanjang umur simpan dalam pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak menurunkan kualitas (warna, cita rasa, dan bau)
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah dilarutkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menunjukkan sifat-sifat anti mikroba pada jenjang pH
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aman dalam jumlah yang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah ditentukan dengan analisis kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak mneghambat enzim-enzim pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. Tidak mengalami dekomposisi atau
tidak bereaksi untuk membentuk suatu senyawa kompleks yang bersifat lebih
toksik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. Mudah dikontrol dan didistribusikan
secara merata dalam bahan pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12. Mempunyai spektra antimikroba yang
luas yang meliputi macam-macam pembusukan oleh mikroba yang berhubungan dengan
bahan pangan yang diawetkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bahan pengawet selain dapat
mencirikan bahan pengawet yang bersangkutan, ternyata juga diperlukan untuk
menentukan cara penggunaan bahan pengawet terutama sifat kelarutannya.
Penambahan bahan pengawet dalam bahan pangan dapan dilakukan dengan beberapa
cara, yaitu pencampuran, pencelupan, penyemprotan, pengasapan, dan pelapisan
pada pembungkus pangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet yang banyak dijual di pasaran
dan digunakan untuk mengawetkan berbagai makanan adalah benzoat, yang umumnya
terdapat dalam bentuk natrium benzoat atau kalium benzoat yang bersifat lebih mudah
larut. Benzoat sering digunakan untuk mengawetkan berbagai makanan dan minuman
seperti sari buah, minuman ringan, saus tomat, saus sambal, jeli dan jeli,
manisan, kecap, dan lain-lain (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.
JENIS-JENIS BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa bahan pengawet yang umum
digunakan dan jenis makanan serta batas penggunaannya pada makanan terdiri dari
bahan-bahan organik dan anorganik. Bahan-bahan organik diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat</span></i><b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan garamnya </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yaitu bahan yang digunakan untuk mengawetkan minuman
ringan dan kecap (600 mg,/kg), serta sari buah, saus tomat, saus sambal, jem
dan jeli, manisan, agar, dan makanan lain (1 g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat, berbentuk hablur atau jarum putih,
sedikit berbau benzaldehid atau benzoin. Agak mudah menguap pada suhu hangat
dan mudah menguap dalam uap air. Sukar larut dalam air, mudah larut dalam
etanol dan dalam eter, mengalami disosiasi tergantung pada pH mediumnya. Sifat
yang tidak terdisosiasi inilah yang mempunyai efektivitas sebagai pengawet
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium Benzoat, berupa granul atau serbuk hablur
berwarna putih, tidak berbau dan stabil di udara. Mudah larut dalam air, agak
sukar larut dalam etanol dan lebih mudah larut dalam etanol 95 %, bentuk
aktifnya sebagai pengawet sebesar 84,7 % pada pH 4,8 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium Benzoat, kristal larut air dan alkohol dan
efektivitas sebagai pengawet pada pH 4,2 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium Benzoat, kristal yang larut dalam air dan
alkohol. Dalam air padat pada suhu 25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C larut sebesar
40 g/L dengan efektivitas sebagai pengawet pada pH 4,2 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Ester
para-hidroksi benzoat</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil para-hidroksi benzoat, berupa hablur tidak
berwarna atau serbuk hablur putih, tidak berbau atau berbau khas lemah,
mempunyai sedikit rasa terbakar. Sukar larut dalam air air, benzen, CCl<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">4</span></sub>, namun mudah larut dalam etanol dan dalam eter.
Betuk aktif sebagai pengawet 87,4 % pada range pH 8,5. Garam natriumnya mudah
larut dalam air pada suhu 25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C dengan bentuk
yang aktif sebagai pengawet adalah 87,4 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Propil para-hidroksi benzoat, hablur kecil atau serbuk
serbuk dan tidak berwarna. Sangat sukar larut air, mudah larut dalam etanol dan
dalam eter dan sukar larut dalam air mendidih. Bentuk aktif sebagai pengawet
adalah 89,1 % pada range 8,5. Garam natriumnya mudah larut dalam air pada suhu
25<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">o</span></sup>C, bentuk aktif sebagai pengawet adalah 89,1 % pada
range 8,5 (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Propionat</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan
bentuk garamnya, yaitu bahan pengawet untuk roti (2 g/kg) dan keju olahan (3
g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Sorbat dan garamnya</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yaitu bahan pengawet untuk margarin, pekatan sari
buah, dan keju (1 g/kg) (Anonim, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat, berupa serbuk putih yang mudah larut
dalam air, sukar larut dalam alkohol, dan tidak larut dalam minyak. Bagian
aktif yang sebagai pengawet sebesar 77,1 % pada range pH 4,9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium propionat, berupa serbuk putih, larut dalam
alkohol, kloroform, dan eter. Bagian yang aktif sebagai pengawet sebesar 77,1 %
pada range pH 4,9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium propionat, berupa serbuk putih dan larut dalam
alkohol, kloroform, dan eter serta aktif sebagai pengawet pada range pH 4,9
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat, berupa serbuk hablur putih, mengalir
bebas dan baunya khas. Sukar larut dalam air serta larut dalam etanol dan dalam
eter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium sorbat, berbentuk bubuk berwarna putih, larut
dakam air dan tidak larut dalam alkohol dan minyak. Bentuk aktif sebagai
pengawet 83,6 % pada pH 4,8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium sorbat, berbentuk kristal putih atau bentuk
tepung dengan bau yang khas. Larut dalam air dan sedikit larut dalam etanol,
kelarutannya bertambah dengan bertambahnya suhu (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut ini komposisi atau struktur kimia yang
mempunyai aktivitas sebagai bahan pengawet pangan yang termasuk jenis senyawa
organik dan garamnya terlihat pada tabel di bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 499px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nama
Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur
Kimia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumus
Molekul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium
Benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>)Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH=CH-CH=CH-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Sorbat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH=CH-CH=CH-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">7</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">6</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>KO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
Propionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>-CH<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>-COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub>NaO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil-p-hidroksi
benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">8</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Propil-p-hidroksi
benzoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">10</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">12</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 126.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="169">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etil-p-hidroksi-benzoat
(etil paraben)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">9</span></sub>H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">10</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan-bahan anorganik yang biasa
digunakan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nitrit</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (dalam
bentuk garam kalium/natrium nitrit) dan nitrat (dalam bentuk garam
kalium/natrium nitrat), yaitu bahan pengawet untuk daging olahan atau yang
diawetkan seperti sosis (125 mg nitrit/kg atau 500 mg nitrat/kg), korned dalam
kaleng (50 mg nitrit/kg), atau keju (50 mg nitrat/kg) (Anonim, 2001). Berbentuk
granul berwarna putih, kelarutan (g/100 ml): kebanyakan digunakan dalam bentuk
garamnya dan mudah larut dalam air sedangkan sedikit larut dalam alkohol
(Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulfit</span></i><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(dalam bentuk garam
kalium atau natrium bisulfit atau metabisulfit), yaitu bahan pengawet untuk
potongan kentang goreng (50 mg/kg), udang beku (100 mg/kg), dan pekatan sari
nenas (500 mg/kg) (Anonim, 2001). Bentuk garam sulfitnya berbentuk granul dan
atau Kristal berwarna putih, agak sukar larut dalam air dan sedikit larut dalam
alkohol. Sedangkan bentuk garam bisulfitnya mudah larut dalam air (Kalium
Bisulfit) dan tidak larut dalam alkohol (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel. Struktur kimia dan sifat beberapa
bahan pengawet anorganik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 583px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="109">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumus
Molekul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="228">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelarutan
(gr/100ml)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pKa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alkohol</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Minyak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 81.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="109">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulfur dioksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium sulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium sulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium bisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium bisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium metabisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium metabisulfit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium nitrat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium nitrat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalium nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Na<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaHSO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KHSO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Na<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>S<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>S<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">5</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaNO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">23,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">28,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">35,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">90.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">66,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak larut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0,16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal/ bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal/ bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kristal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bubuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Granula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 36.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D.
DAMPAK NEGATIF BAHAN PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Efek Terhadap Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan utama dari pengujian jangka
panjang terhadap toksisitas bahan tambahan makanan adalah untuk menentukan
potensi karsinogenik suatu bahan atau senyawa, tetapi harus didukung pula
dengan pengujian jangka pendek. Konsentrasi bahan pengawet yang diizinkan oleh
peraturan bahan pangan sifatnya dalah penghambatan dan bukannya mematikan
organisme-organisme pencemar. Jumlah bahan pengawet yang diizinkan akan
mengawetkan bahan pangan dengan muatan mikroorganisme yang normal untuk satu
jangka waktu tertentu tetapi kurang efektif jika dicampurkan ke dalam
bahan-bahan pangan membusuk atau terkontaminasi secara berlebihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet organik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam benzoat dan garamnya (Ca, K dan Na)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metabolisme ini meliputi dua tahap
reaksi, pertama dikatalisis oleh enzim syntease dan pada reaksi kedua
dikatalisis oleh enzim acytransferase. Asam hipurat yang disinpengujiana dalam
hati ini, kemudian diekskresikan melalui urin. Jadi, di dalam tubuh tidak
terjadi penumpukan asam benzoat, sisa asam benzoat yang tidak diekskresi
sebagai asam hipurat dihilangkan toksisitasnya berkonjugasi dengan asam
glukoronat dan diekskresi melalui urin. Pada penderita asma dan orang yang
menderita urticaria sangat sensitif terhadap asam benzoat, jika dikonsumsi
dalam jumlah besar akan mengiritasi lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat dan garamnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam sorbat dalam tubuh dimetabolisme
seperti asam lemak biasa, dan tidak bereaksi sebagai antimetabolit. Kondisi
ekstrem (suhu dan konsentrasi sorbat tinggi) asam sorbat dapat bereaksi dengan
nitrit membentuk produk mutagen yang tidak terdeteksi di bawah kondisi normal
penggunaan, bahkan dalam curing asinan. Asam sorbat kemungkinan juga memberikan
efek iritasi pada kulit apabila langsung digunakan pada kulit, sedangkan untuk
garam sorbat belum diketahui efeknya terhadap tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat dan garamnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam propionat dalam
tubuh dimetabolisme menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana seperti pada asam
lemak menjadi CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>O. Natrium propionat, apabila diberikan dalam dosis
peroral sehari 6gr untuk laki-laki tidak menimbulkan toksik, namun pada laporan
lain dinyatakan bahwa asam propionat dan garamnya mempunyai aktivitas
antihistamin lokal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ester dari asam benzoat (paraben)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ester asam benzoat (metil-p-hidroksi
benzoat dan propil-p-hidroksi benzoat) memberikan gangguan berupa reaksi yang
spesifik. Senyawa ester-p-hidroksi benzoat diabsorpsi oleh saluran pencernaan
dan ikatan ester dihidrolisa di hati dan ginjal, yang menghasilkan sam
p-hidroksi benzoat yang diekskresi bersama urin. Umumnya metabolit dari paraben
ini diekskresikan dalam 6-24 jam yang diberikan dengan dosis intervenus dan
dosis oral. Metil-p-hidroksi benzoat dan garam natriumnya, pemakaiannya
memberikan efek terhadap kesehatan dengan timbulnya reaksi alergi pada mulut
dan kulit, sedangkan efek yang diberikan terhadap kesehatan karena penggunaan
propil-p-hidroksibenzoat dan garam natriumnya terutama orang penderita asma,
urticaria, dan yang sensitif terhadap aspirin akan memberikan reaksi alergi
kulit dan mulut (Cahyadi, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pengawet anorganik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh beberapa bahan pengawet
terhadap kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E7E7E7 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 93%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan
Pengawet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produk
Pangan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh
terhadap Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sulfur
dioksida<br />
(SO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sari buah,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>cider</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, buah kering,
kacang kering, sirup, acar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat
menyebabkan pelukaan lambung, mempercepat serangan asma,
mutasi genetik, kanker dan alergi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> K-nitrit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daging
kornet, daging kering, daging asin, pikel
daging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nitrit
mempengaruhi kemampuan sel darah untuk
membawa oksigen, menyebabkan
kesulitan bernafas dan sakit kepala,
anemia, radang ginjal, muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: inset 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 21.0%;" valign="bottom" width="21%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Na-metasulfat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 35.0%;" valign="bottom" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Produk
roti dan tepung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: inset 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: inset 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .25pt; padding: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt; width: 43.0%;" valign="bottom" width="43%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Alergi
kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencermati kemungkinan gangguan
kesehatan seperti yang tercantum dalam Tabel, maka FDA mensyaratkan kepada
produsen pangan untuk membuktikan bahwa pengawet yang digunakan aman bagi
konsumen dengan mempertimbangkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a Kemungkinan
jumlah paparan bahan pengawet pada konsumen sebagai akibat mengkonsumsi produk
pangan yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b Pengaruh
kumulatif bahan pengawet dalam diet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c Potensi
toksisitas (termasuk penyebab kanker) bahan pengawet ketika tertelan oleh
manusia atau binatang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d Namun demikian
perlu diperhatikan hal-hal penting dalam menggunakan bahan tambahan pangan
pengawet adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e Pilih pengawet
yang benar/yang diijinkan untuk dalam pangan serta telah terdaftar di Badan
POM RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f
Bacalah takaran penggunaannya pada penandaan/label.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g Gunakan dengan
takaran yang benar sesuai petunjuk pada label.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h Membaca dengan
cermat label produk pangan yang dipilih/dibeli serta mengkonsumsinya secara
cerdas produk pangan yang menggunakan bahan pengawet (Anonim,
2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 1992.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Standar Nasional Indonesia</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Jakarta: Departemen Perindustrian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 2001.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Materi Penyuluhan Bagi
Perusahaan Makanan Industri Rumah Tangga</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.
Sleman: Dinas Kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 2008.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Mengenal Bahan Kimia Pengawet
dan Bahan Tambahan Pangan</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>http://www.skimaters.co.id</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. diakses tanggal 12 November 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cahyadi, W. 2006.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Analisis dan Aspek Kesehatan
Bahan Tambahan Pangan</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hoon, J. dan Flores,
J. D. 1998.</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Potassium
Sorbate Diffusivity in American Processes and Mozarella Cheeses</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. J of Food Science. Vol. 63, No. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kingkate, A. et. al.
Gas</span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>Chromatographic
Determination of Propionate Acid, Sodium and Calcium Propionate in Bread and
Cake</i></span><span style="color: #7a7a7a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. J. Chrom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber pustaka: </div>
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<a href="http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/">http://apotikmakassar.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/bahan-tambahan-makanan-pengawet/</a></div>
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gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-46276608964297725062012-10-09T07:00:00.003-07:002012-10-09T07:00:45.676-07:00Analisis Zat Pengawet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISIS ZAT PENGAWET</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Per. Men. Kes RI No.329/XII/1978</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan yang dapat mencegah atau menghambat fermentasi , pengasaman,
penguraian lain yang disebabkan mikroba.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara Pengawetan:</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendinginan</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemanasan</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengeringan</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggaraman</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Radiasi</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">o Fungi static & bakteri static</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">o Fungisida & bakterisida</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syarat:</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efektif dalam jumlah kecil</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak toksis</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Netral</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah larut dan campur</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stabil</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa kerja panjang</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah didapat</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggolongan</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -126.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet Organik : Benzoat, Ester, P hidroksi
benzoat,dll</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -126.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengawet anorganik : Nitrat, nitrit, sulfit,dll</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keuntungan</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendapatkan
makanan, minuman:</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baik</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa enak dan nyaman dipakai</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebersihan
terjamin dan bebas mikroba</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerugian</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terbatasnya kemampuan pengawet</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efek toksis secara langsung</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara tidak langsung terjadi penurunan gizi pada
makanan.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat</span></b><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis
Kualitatif</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sampel diencerkan (1:4), saring, filtrat:</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstraksi eter dan HCl, lapisan eter diambil,
diuapkan, residu ditambah NH4OH, berwarna coklat.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstraksi eter, lapisan eter diambil, diuapkan, residu
ditambah milon, berwarna merah</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ektraksi eter suasana basa lemah NaOH dengan petroleum
eter. Lapisan petroleum eter diambil diuapkan, residu ditambah milon, berwarna
merah</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis
Kuantitatif</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Preparasi sampel:</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="color: #748669; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- </span><span lang="IT" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sampel solid/semisolid + Aqua ad volume ttt.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lar. Sampel + NaCl dan NaOH 10% saring</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filtrat + HCl, ekstraksi dengan larutan eter.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="color: #748669; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambil
lapisan eter, diuapkan , residu dianalisis</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam Benzoat (Na,K)</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode Volumetri asam basa</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Residu larutkan
dalam alkohol, titrasi dengan larutan standar NaOH 0,05N, indikator pp.</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode
Spektrofotometri</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstrak dalam eter , diamati spektrofotometer = 272 nm</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(265-280).
Dibuat standar baku. Asam benzoat x 1,8 = Na</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Benzoat</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 14.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 14.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ester Para Hidroksi
Benzoat (metil, etil ester)</span><span style="color: #748669; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://bhexty.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/analisis-bahan-tambahan-dalam-pengawet/">http://bhexty.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/analisis-bahan-tambahan-dalam-pengawet/</a></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-24448119345613435692012-10-09T06:48:00.006-07:002012-10-09T06:48:50.620-07:00Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #4466d9; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PRINSIP</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Senyawa nitrogen dirubah menjadi ammonia sulfat oleh H2SO4, dan diuraikan
dengan NaOH, ammonia yang dibebaskan diikat dengan asam borat dan dititrasi
dengan larutan baku asam.<br />
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<b>TUJUAN</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Menentukan kadar protein yang terkandung dalam bahan atau sample yang
dianalisa, yang merupakan bahan hasil pertanian dan olahannya.<br />
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<b>DASAR TEORI</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Protein merupakan salah satu kelompok bahan makronutrien. Tidak seperti bahan
makronuttrien lain (lemak dan karbohidrat), protein ini berperan lebih penting
dalam pembentukan biomolekul daripada sebagai sumber energy.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Keistimewaan lain dari protein ini adalah strukturnya yang mengandung N,
disamping C, H, dan O. Dengan demikian maka salah satu cara terpenting yang
cukup spesifik untuk menentukan jumlah-jumlah protein secara kuantitatif adalah
dengan penentuan kandungan N yang ada dalam bahan makanan atau bahan lain.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Karena molekulnya yang lebih besar (berat molekulnya sampai mencapai jutaan),
maka protein mudah sekali mengalami perubahan bentuk fisik ataupun aktivitas
biologisnya. Banyak agensia yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan sifat alamiah
protein, misalnya panas, asam, basa, solven organic, garam, logam berat,
radiasi sinar radioaktif. Perubahan sifat fisk yang mudah diamati adalah
terjadinya penjedalan (menjadi tidak larut) atau pemadatan.<br />
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Apabila protein murni dianalisa unsur-unsur pneyusunnya, maka gambaran yang
berikut ini umum dijumpai.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Unsur Kadar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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C 50-55%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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O 20-25%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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N 15-18%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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H 5-7%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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S 0,4-2,5%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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P Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Fe Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Cu Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Di alam umumnya terdapat 20 jenis asam amino (untuk protein tertentu terdapat
25 jenis); ratusan atau bahkan ribuan unit asam-asam amino yang berbeda-beda
ini menyusun molekul protein, oleh sebab itu secara matematis, jenis protein di
alam ini dapat dikatakan tak terhinggan jenisnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Protein dalam bahan biologis biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk ikatan fisis yang
renggang maupun ikatan kimiawi yang lebih erat dengan karbohidrat atau lemak.
Karena ikatan-ikatan ini maka terbentuk senyawa-senyawa glikoprotein dan
lipoprotein yang memiliki peranan besar dalam penentuan sifat-sifat fisis
aliran bahan (Rheologis). Misalnya pada system emulsi makanan dan adonan roti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Dalam adanya pemanasan, protein dalam bahan makanan akan mengalami perubahan
dan membentuk persenyawaan dengan bahan lain, misalnya antara asam amino hasil
perubahan protein dengan gula-gula reduksi yang membentuk senyawa rasa dan aroma
makanan, protein murni dalam keadaan tidak dapat dipanaskan hanya memiliki rasa
dan aroma yang tidak berarti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Berdasarkan uraian dimuka, maka tujuan analisis protein dalam bahan makanan
adalah :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menera jumlah kandungan protein dalam bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan tingkat kualitas protein dipandang dari sudut gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menelaah protein sebagai salah satu bahan kimia misalnya secara biokimia,
fisiologis, rheologis, ensimatik, dan telaah lain yang lebih mendasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dipandang dari peranan protein dalam jasad hidup, berbagai jenis protein dapat
dikelompokkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein yang terdapat dalam plasma darah, cairan limfa, dan cairan tubuh
yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein konstraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein persediaan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein inti sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Senyawa musin dan sebangsanya (mukoid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolagen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keratin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Berdasarkan sifat fisioko-kimiawi terutama sifat kelarutannya, maka garis besar
kelompok protein sederhana adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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1. Albumin : protein larut dalam air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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2. Globulin : protein yang tidak larut dalam air, akan tetapi larut dalam
lautan garam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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3. Prolamin : protein larut dalam ethanol 70-80%, tidak larut dalam air,
larutan garam dan ethanol murni</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
4. Glutelin : tidak larut dalam air, garam ataupun ethanol, larut dalam larutan
alkalis atau asam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
5. Scleroprotein : tidak larut dalam air, larutan garam encer dan solven
organic</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
6. Protemine dan histone : protein yang bersifat alkalis, larut dalam air dan
larutan garam.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Alat</b><br />
<br />
• Labu ukur 100 mL<br />
• Erlenmeyer 250 mL<br />
• Batang pengaduk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Corong<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Pipet ukur 1 mL<br />
• Pipet volume 5 mL<br />
• Labu kjeidahl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Alat destilator<br />
<br />
<b>Bahan</b><br />
<br />
• Indicator MR-BCG<br />
• H3BO3 2%<br />
• NaOH 30%<br />
• Sample (Sosis)<br />
• H2SO4 pekat<br />
• Selen<br />
• HCl 0,01 N<br />
• Aquadest</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<b>Cara Kerja</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sample ditimbang dengan seksama 0,51 g dan dimasukan dalam labu kjeidahl
100 mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditambahkan 2 g campuran selen dan 25 mL H2SO4 pekat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dipanaskan diatas pemanas listrik atau api pembakar sampai mendidih dan
larutan menjadi jernih kehijau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hijauan (sekitar 2 jam).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibiarkan dingin kemudian diencerkan dan dimasukan dalam labu ukur 100 mL,
tepatkan sampai tanda garis<br />
5 mL larutan dipipet dan dimasukan dalam alat penyuling, kemudian 5 mL NaOH 30%
ditambahkan dan beberapa tetes indicator phenolphthalein (PP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disulingkan selama kurang lebih 10 menit, sebagai penampung adalah 10 mL
larutan asam borat 2% yang telah dicampur indicator dan dimasukan dalam
Erlenmeyer .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ujung pendingin dibilasi dengan air suling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dititrasi dengan larutan HCl 0,01 N.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibandingkan dengan blanko.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selengkapnya mengenai "Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro
Kjeidahl", silahkan download filenya dibawah ini :<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html</span></b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/">http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/</a></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-91120218191639856482012-10-09T06:48:00.001-07:002012-10-09T06:48:02.680-07:00Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: #4466d9; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PRINSIP</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Senyawa nitrogen dirubah menjadi ammonia sulfat oleh H2SO4, dan diuraikan
dengan NaOH, ammonia yang dibebaskan diikat dengan asam borat dan dititrasi
dengan larutan baku asam.<br />
<br />
<a href="" name="more"></a><br />
<br />
<b>TUJUAN</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Menentukan kadar protein yang terkandung dalam bahan atau sample yang
dianalisa, yang merupakan bahan hasil pertanian dan olahannya.<br />
<br />
<b>DASAR TEORI</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Protein merupakan salah satu kelompok bahan makronutrien. Tidak seperti bahan
makronuttrien lain (lemak dan karbohidrat), protein ini berperan lebih penting
dalam pembentukan biomolekul daripada sebagai sumber energy.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Keistimewaan lain dari protein ini adalah strukturnya yang mengandung N,
disamping C, H, dan O. Dengan demikian maka salah satu cara terpenting yang
cukup spesifik untuk menentukan jumlah-jumlah protein secara kuantitatif adalah
dengan penentuan kandungan N yang ada dalam bahan makanan atau bahan lain.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Karena molekulnya yang lebih besar (berat molekulnya sampai mencapai jutaan),
maka protein mudah sekali mengalami perubahan bentuk fisik ataupun aktivitas
biologisnya. Banyak agensia yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan sifat alamiah
protein, misalnya panas, asam, basa, solven organic, garam, logam berat,
radiasi sinar radioaktif. Perubahan sifat fisk yang mudah diamati adalah
terjadinya penjedalan (menjadi tidak larut) atau pemadatan.<br />
<br />
Apabila protein murni dianalisa unsur-unsur pneyusunnya, maka gambaran yang
berikut ini umum dijumpai.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
Unsur Kadar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
C 50-55%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
O 20-25%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
N 15-18%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
H 5-7%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
S 0,4-2,5%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
P Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
Fe Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
Cu Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Di alam umumnya terdapat 20 jenis asam amino (untuk protein tertentu terdapat
25 jenis); ratusan atau bahkan ribuan unit asam-asam amino yang berbeda-beda
ini menyusun molekul protein, oleh sebab itu secara matematis, jenis protein di
alam ini dapat dikatakan tak terhinggan jenisnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Protein dalam bahan biologis biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk ikatan fisis yang
renggang maupun ikatan kimiawi yang lebih erat dengan karbohidrat atau lemak.
Karena ikatan-ikatan ini maka terbentuk senyawa-senyawa glikoprotein dan
lipoprotein yang memiliki peranan besar dalam penentuan sifat-sifat fisis
aliran bahan (Rheologis). Misalnya pada system emulsi makanan dan adonan roti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Dalam adanya pemanasan, protein dalam bahan makanan akan mengalami perubahan
dan membentuk persenyawaan dengan bahan lain, misalnya antara asam amino hasil
perubahan protein dengan gula-gula reduksi yang membentuk senyawa rasa dan aroma
makanan, protein murni dalam keadaan tidak dapat dipanaskan hanya memiliki rasa
dan aroma yang tidak berarti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Berdasarkan uraian dimuka, maka tujuan analisis protein dalam bahan makanan
adalah :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menera jumlah kandungan protein dalam bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan tingkat kualitas protein dipandang dari sudut gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menelaah protein sebagai salah satu bahan kimia misalnya secara biokimia,
fisiologis, rheologis, ensimatik, dan telaah lain yang lebih mendasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Dipandang dari peranan protein dalam jasad hidup, berbagai jenis protein dapat
dikelompokkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein yang terdapat dalam plasma darah, cairan limfa, dan cairan tubuh
yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein konstraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein persediaan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein inti sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Senyawa musin dan sebangsanya (mukoid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolagen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keratin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan sifat fisioko-kimiawi terutama sifat kelarutannya, maka garis besar
kelompok protein sederhana adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
1. Albumin : protein larut dalam air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
2. Globulin : protein yang tidak larut dalam air, akan tetapi larut dalam
lautan garam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
3. Prolamin : protein larut dalam ethanol 70-80%, tidak larut dalam air,
larutan garam dan ethanol murni</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
4. Glutelin : tidak larut dalam air, garam ataupun ethanol, larut dalam larutan
alkalis atau asam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
5. Scleroprotein : tidak larut dalam air, larutan garam encer dan solven
organic</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
6. Protemine dan histone : protein yang bersifat alkalis, larut dalam air dan
larutan garam.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Alat</b><br />
<br />
• Labu ukur 100 mL<br />
• Erlenmeyer 250 mL<br />
• Batang pengaduk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Corong<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Pipet ukur 1 mL<br />
• Pipet volume 5 mL<br />
• Labu kjeidahl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Alat destilator<br />
<br />
<b>Bahan</b><br />
<br />
• Indicator MR-BCG<br />
• H3BO3 2%<br />
• NaOH 30%<br />
• Sample (Sosis)<br />
• H2SO4 pekat<br />
• Selen<br />
• HCl 0,01 N<br />
• Aquadest</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<b>Cara Kerja</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sample ditimbang dengan seksama 0,51 g dan dimasukan dalam labu kjeidahl
100 mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditambahkan 2 g campuran selen dan 25 mL H2SO4 pekat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dipanaskan diatas pemanas listrik atau api pembakar sampai mendidih dan
larutan menjadi jernih kehijau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hijauan (sekitar 2 jam).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibiarkan dingin kemudian diencerkan dan dimasukan dalam labu ukur 100 mL,
tepatkan sampai tanda garis<br />
5 mL larutan dipipet dan dimasukan dalam alat penyuling, kemudian 5 mL NaOH 30%
ditambahkan dan beberapa tetes indicator phenolphthalein (PP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disulingkan selama kurang lebih 10 menit, sebagai penampung adalah 10 mL
larutan asam borat 2% yang telah dicampur indicator dan dimasukan dalam
Erlenmeyer .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ujung pendingin dibilasi dengan air suling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dititrasi dengan larutan HCl 0,01 N.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibandingkan dengan blanko.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selengkapnya mengenai "Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro
Kjeidahl", silahkan download filenya dibawah ini :<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html</span></b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Sumber: </div>
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<a href="http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/">http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/</a></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-49491931609029272092012-10-09T06:47:00.003-07:002012-10-09T06:47:53.435-07:00Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #4466d9; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro Kjeidahl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PRINSIP</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Senyawa nitrogen dirubah menjadi ammonia sulfat oleh H2SO4, dan diuraikan
dengan NaOH, ammonia yang dibebaskan diikat dengan asam borat dan dititrasi
dengan larutan baku asam.<br />
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<b>TUJUAN</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Menentukan kadar protein yang terkandung dalam bahan atau sample yang
dianalisa, yang merupakan bahan hasil pertanian dan olahannya.<br />
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<b>DASAR TEORI</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Protein merupakan salah satu kelompok bahan makronutrien. Tidak seperti bahan
makronuttrien lain (lemak dan karbohidrat), protein ini berperan lebih penting
dalam pembentukan biomolekul daripada sebagai sumber energy.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Keistimewaan lain dari protein ini adalah strukturnya yang mengandung N,
disamping C, H, dan O. Dengan demikian maka salah satu cara terpenting yang
cukup spesifik untuk menentukan jumlah-jumlah protein secara kuantitatif adalah
dengan penentuan kandungan N yang ada dalam bahan makanan atau bahan lain.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Karena molekulnya yang lebih besar (berat molekulnya sampai mencapai jutaan),
maka protein mudah sekali mengalami perubahan bentuk fisik ataupun aktivitas
biologisnya. Banyak agensia yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan sifat alamiah
protein, misalnya panas, asam, basa, solven organic, garam, logam berat,
radiasi sinar radioaktif. Perubahan sifat fisk yang mudah diamati adalah
terjadinya penjedalan (menjadi tidak larut) atau pemadatan.<br />
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Apabila protein murni dianalisa unsur-unsur pneyusunnya, maka gambaran yang
berikut ini umum dijumpai.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Unsur Kadar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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C 50-55%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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O 20-25%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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N 15-18%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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H 5-7%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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S 0,4-2,5%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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P Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Fe Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Cu Sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Di alam umumnya terdapat 20 jenis asam amino (untuk protein tertentu terdapat
25 jenis); ratusan atau bahkan ribuan unit asam-asam amino yang berbeda-beda
ini menyusun molekul protein, oleh sebab itu secara matematis, jenis protein di
alam ini dapat dikatakan tak terhinggan jenisnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Protein dalam bahan biologis biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk ikatan fisis yang
renggang maupun ikatan kimiawi yang lebih erat dengan karbohidrat atau lemak.
Karena ikatan-ikatan ini maka terbentuk senyawa-senyawa glikoprotein dan
lipoprotein yang memiliki peranan besar dalam penentuan sifat-sifat fisis
aliran bahan (Rheologis). Misalnya pada system emulsi makanan dan adonan roti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Dalam adanya pemanasan, protein dalam bahan makanan akan mengalami perubahan
dan membentuk persenyawaan dengan bahan lain, misalnya antara asam amino hasil
perubahan protein dengan gula-gula reduksi yang membentuk senyawa rasa dan aroma
makanan, protein murni dalam keadaan tidak dapat dipanaskan hanya memiliki rasa
dan aroma yang tidak berarti.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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Berdasarkan uraian dimuka, maka tujuan analisis protein dalam bahan makanan
adalah :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menera jumlah kandungan protein dalam bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan tingkat kualitas protein dipandang dari sudut gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menelaah protein sebagai salah satu bahan kimia misalnya secara biokimia,
fisiologis, rheologis, ensimatik, dan telaah lain yang lebih mendasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Dipandang dari peranan protein dalam jasad hidup, berbagai jenis protein dapat
dikelompokkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein yang terdapat dalam plasma darah, cairan limfa, dan cairan tubuh
yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein konstraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Enzim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein persediaan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein inti sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Senyawa musin dan sebangsanya (mukoid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolagen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keratin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Berdasarkan sifat fisioko-kimiawi terutama sifat kelarutannya, maka garis besar
kelompok protein sederhana adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
1. Albumin : protein larut dalam air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
2. Globulin : protein yang tidak larut dalam air, akan tetapi larut dalam
lautan garam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
3. Prolamin : protein larut dalam ethanol 70-80%, tidak larut dalam air,
larutan garam dan ethanol murni</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
4. Glutelin : tidak larut dalam air, garam ataupun ethanol, larut dalam larutan
alkalis atau asam encer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
5. Scleroprotein : tidak larut dalam air, larutan garam encer dan solven
organic</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
6. Protemine dan histone : protein yang bersifat alkalis, larut dalam air dan
larutan garam.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Alat</b><br />
<br />
• Labu ukur 100 mL<br />
• Erlenmeyer 250 mL<br />
• Batang pengaduk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Corong<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Pipet ukur 1 mL<br />
• Pipet volume 5 mL<br />
• Labu kjeidahl</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
• Alat destilator<br />
<br />
<b>Bahan</b><br />
<br />
• Indicator MR-BCG<br />
• H3BO3 2%<br />
• NaOH 30%<br />
• Sample (Sosis)<br />
• H2SO4 pekat<br />
• Selen<br />
• HCl 0,01 N<br />
• Aquadest</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<b>Cara Kerja</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sample ditimbang dengan seksama 0,51 g dan dimasukan dalam labu kjeidahl
100 mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditambahkan 2 g campuran selen dan 25 mL H2SO4 pekat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dipanaskan diatas pemanas listrik atau api pembakar sampai mendidih dan
larutan menjadi jernih kehijau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hijauan (sekitar 2 jam).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibiarkan dingin kemudian diencerkan dan dimasukan dalam labu ukur 100 mL,
tepatkan sampai tanda garis<br />
5 mL larutan dipipet dan dimasukan dalam alat penyuling, kemudian 5 mL NaOH 30%
ditambahkan dan beberapa tetes indicator phenolphthalein (PP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disulingkan selama kurang lebih 10 menit, sebagai penampung adalah 10 mL
larutan asam borat 2% yang telah dicampur indicator dan dimasukan dalam
Erlenmeyer .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ujung pendingin dibilasi dengan air suling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dititrasi dengan larutan HCl 0,01 N.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibandingkan dengan blanko.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selengkapnya mengenai "Analisa kuantitatif protein, metode Semi mikro
Kjeidahl", silahkan download filenya dibawah ini :<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107562/Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.docx.html</span></b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html"><b><span style="color: #4466d9; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ziddu.com/download/13107563/31583959-Analisa-Protein-Metode-Kjedahl.pdf.html</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/">http://berita-dunia.lintas.me/go/datachem.blogspot.com/analisa-kuantitatif-protein-metode-semi-mikro-kjeidahl-/1/</a></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-67755488777800158072012-09-23T18:12:00.001-07:002012-09-23T18:12:37.946-07:00Angka Asam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan pangan
yang tersedia di alam tersusun atas unsur kimia seperti karbon (C), hydrogen
(H), nitrogen (N), oksigen (O), sulfur (S), phosphor (P), dan lain-lain.
Setiap bahan pangan mempunyai susunan kimia yang berbeda-beda dan mengandung
zat gizi yang bervariasi yang banyak jumlahnya. Lemak merupakan suatu kelompok
senyawa yang heterogen, tetapi mempunyai kesamaan sifat kelarutannya. Lemak
umumnya tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik seperti eter
dan petroleum eter. Berat jenisnya lebih rendah daripada air. Yang tergolong
sebagai lemak adalah lemak netral atau trigliserida dan lilin. Sterol,
fosfolipid, ester asam lemak dan yang termasuk turunan lemak. Trigliserida
adalah bentuk utama lemak, baik di dalam tubuh manusia maupun di dalam bahan
pangan. Secara kimia, trigliserida terdiri atas 3 asam lemak yang melekat pada
gliserol dan ikatan ester. Lemak (padat) pada umumnya mengandung mengandung
asam lemak jenuh (lemak yang berikatan rangkap tinggi, sedangkan minyak (cair)
tingkat ketidakjenuhannya tinggi berarti banyak mengandung asam lemak berikatan
rangkap sehingga cenderung mudah teroksidasi, kecuali minyak kelapa kandungan
asam lemak tidak jenuhnya rendah. Semakin panjang rantai atom karbon asam, akan
semakin tinggi ketidakjenuhannya dan sifat fisik asam lemak ini cenderung
semakin encer (Widyaningsih, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
asam adalah ukuran dari jumlah asam lemak bebas serta dihitung berdasarkan
berat molekul dari asam lemak atau campuran asam lemak. Bilangan asam
dinyatakan sebagai jumlah milligram KOH 0,1 N yang digunakan untuk mrnrtralkan
asam lemak bebas yang terdapat dalam 1 gram minyak atau lemak. Derajat asam adalah
banyaknya milliliter KOH 0,1 N yang diperlukan untuk menetralkan 100 gram
minyak atau lemak (Ketaren, 2005). Sedangkan menurut Sumardi dan Hardoko (1992)
bilangan asam lemak bebas adalah banyaknya basa dalam ml ekuivalen yang
diperlukan untuk menetralkan 100 gram contoh yang ditentukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angka FFA
adalah indikasi dari jumlah ketengikan hidrolitik kandungan/kadar FFA yang
ditentukan dengan titrasi alkali standar. Penentuan angka FFA harus ditetapkan
untuk tiap spesies ikan, dimana batas maksimumnya akan berubah-ubah tergantung
dalam tiap ikatannya (Bonnel, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karakteristik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Minyak kelapa berdasarkan kandungan asam lemak digolongkan kedalam minyak
asam laurat, karena kandungan asam lauratnya paling besar jika dibandingkan
dengan asam lemak lainnya. Berdasarkan tingkat ketidak jenuhannya yang
dinyatakan dengan bilangan iod (iodine value), maka minyak kelapa dapat
dimasukkan ke dalam golongan non drying oils karena bilangan iod minyak
tersebut berkisar antara 7,5 hingga 10,5 (Ketaren, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Minyak kelapa mengandung 84% trigliserida, sterol yang terdapat dalam minyak nabati
disebut phitosterol dan mempunyai dua isomer yaitu beta sitosterol (C<sub>29</sub>H<sub>50</sub>O)
dan stigmasterol (C<sub>29</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O). Sterol bersifat sebagai
stabilizer dalam minyak. Tokoferol mempunyai 3 isomer yaitu α-tokoferol (titik
cair 158-160</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><sup><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0</span></sup><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C); α, β –
tokoferol (titik cair 138 – 140</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><sup><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0</span></sup><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C); dan β –
tokoferol. (Muchtadi dan Sugiyono, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kandungan
jenis minyak kelapa tersusun atas unsure-unsur C, H, dan O. Minyak sawit
terdiri atas fraksi padat dan fraksi cair dengan perbandingan yang seimbang.
Penyusun fraksi padat terdiri atas asam lemak jenuh, antara lain asam miristat
(1%), asam palmitat (45%) dan asam stearat. Sedangkan fraksi cair tersusun atas
asam lemak tak jenuh yang terdiri dari asam oleat (39%), dan asam linoleat 11%
(Silviana, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
penyaringan minyak kelapa sawit sebanyak 2 kali (pengambilan lapisan minyak
jenuh) menyebabkan kandungan asam tak jenuh menjadi lebih tinggi. Tingginya
kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh menyebabkan minyak menjadi mudah rusak oleh
proses penggorengan karena selama proses menggoreng, minyak akan dipanaskan
secara terus menerus pada suhu tinggi serta terjadinya kontak dengan oksigen
dari udara luar yang memudahkan terjadinya oksidasi pada minyak (Sartika,
2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip Metode Analisa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
Herlina (2002) angka asam menunjukkan banyaknya asam lemak bebas yang terdapat
dalam suatu lemak atau minyak. Angka asam dinyatakan sebagai jumlah miligram
NaOH yang dibutuhkan asam lemakbebas yang terdapat dalam satu gram lemak atau
minyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Asam</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
Sudarmadji,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">et. al</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">., (2007), cara penentuan minyak atau lemak sebanyak
10 -20 gram ditambahkan 50 ml alkohol netral 95% kemudian dipanaskan 10 menit
dalam penangas air sambil diaduk dan ditutup pendingin balik. Alkohol berfungsi
untuk melarutkan asam lemak. Setelah didinginkan kemudian dititrasi dengan KOH
0,1 N menggunakan indikator phenolphathalein sampai tepat warna merah jambu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angka asam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
Widjanarko (1996) lemak atau minyak dilarutkan dalam alcohol 95% dan dipanaskan
selama 10 menit diatas penangas air sambil diaduk dan ditutup dengan pendingin
balik, setelah dingin asam lemak bebas dititrasi dengan KOH dengan indikator pp
sampai merah jambu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angka asam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Lemak dan Minyak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemak merupakan pangan yang
berenergi tinggi, setiap gramnya member lebih banyak energi daripada
karbohidrat atau protein. Lemak juga merupakan makanan cadangan di dalam tubuh,
karena kelebihan karbohidrat diubah menjadi lemak dan disimpan dalam jaringan
adipose. Lemak terutama terdiri atas trigliserida tetapi juga mengandung
kolestrol, yang diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan penyakit jantung dan asam-asam
lemak esensial yaitu linoleat dan asam arakhidonat (Buckle<i>, et al</i>,
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemak atau
minyak merupakan zat makanan yang penting untuk menjaga kesehatan tubuh
manusia. Selain itu, lemak dan minyak juga merupakan sumber energy yang lebih
efektif dibandingkan karbohidrat dan protein (Winarno, 2002). Sedangkan menurut
Sediaoetama (2008), lemak adalah sekelompok ikatan yang terdiri atas
unsur-unsur Carbon (C), Hidrogen (H) dan Oksigen (O) yang mempunyai sifat dapat
larut dalam zat-zat pelarut tertentu (zat pelarut lemak) seperti petroleum
eter, benzene, lemak, yang mempunyai titik lebur tinggi bersifat padat pada
suhu kamar, sedangkan yang mempunyai titik lebur rendah bersifat cair pada suhu
kamar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemak dan
minyak terdiri dari trigliserida campuran yang merupakan ester dari gliserol
dan asam lemak rantai panjang. Angka nabati terdapat dalam buah-buahan,
kacang-kacangan, biji-bijian, akar tanaman dan sayur-sayuran. Dalam jaringan
hewan, lemak terdapat diseluruh badan, tetapi jumlah terbanyak dalam jaringan
adipose dan tulang sumsum trigeliserida dapat berwujud padat atau cair. Hal ini
tergantung dari komposisi asam lemak yang menyusunnya. Sebagian besar minyak
nabati berbentuk cair karena mengandung sujumlah asam lemak tidak jenuh, yaitu
oleat, linoleat atau asam linoleat dengan titik cair yang rendah. Lemak hewani
pada umunya berbentuk padat pada suhu kamar karena banyak mengandung asam lemak
jenuh misalnya asam polimitat dan stearat yang mempunyai titik cair lebih
tinggi (Ketaren, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam proses
pembentukannya, trigliserida merupakan hasil proses kondensasi satu molekul
gliserol dengan tiga molekul asam-asam lemak (umumnya ketiga asam lemak
berbeda-beda) yang membentuk satu molekul trigliserida dan tiga molekul air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">H<sub>2</sub>C
– OH HOOCR<sub>1 </sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">H<sub>2</sub>C – O – C – R<sub>1</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HC –
OH + HOOCR<sub>2</sub>
HC – O –C –R<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">H<sub>2</sub>C
– OH HOOCR<sub>3</sub>
H<sub>2</sub>C – O – C – R<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gliserol
asam lemak trigliserida
air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalau R<sub>1</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">= R<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">= R<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">maka trigliserida yang terbentuk
disebut trigliserida sederhana (<i>simple triglyceride</i>) sebaliknya berbeda
disebut trigliserida campuran (<i>mixed trigliseride</i>) (Sudarmadji,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">et. al</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">., 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Hubungan Asam Lemak Bebas
dengan Kualitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Menurut Ketaren (2008) lema dengan kadar asam lemak bebas lebih besar dari 1%.
Jika dicicipi akan terasa membentuk film pada permukaan lidah dan tidak berbau
tengik. Namun intensitasnya tidak bertambah dengan bertambahnya jumlah asam
lemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas, walaupun berada dalam jumlah kecil mengakibatkan
rasa tidak lezat. Hal ini berlaku pada lemak yang mengandung asam lemak tidak
dapat menguap dengan jumlah atom 5 lebih besar dari 14 (5 > 14).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penentuan
kualitas minyak (murni) sebagai bahan makanan yang berkaitan dengan proses
ekstraksinya, atau ada tidaknya perlakuan pemurnian lanjutan misalnya
penjernihan (<i>refining</i>), penghilangan bau (<i>deodorizing</i>),
penghilangan warna (<i>bleaching</i>), dan sebagainya. Penentuan tingkat
kemurnian minyak ini sangat berhubungan erat dengan kekuatan daya simpanya,
sifat gorengannya, baunya maupun rasanya. Tolok ukur kualitas ini termasuk
angka asam lemak bebas (<i>Free Fatty Acids</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau FFA), bilangan peroksida,
tingkat ketegikan dan kadar air (Sudarmadji,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">et. al</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">., 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip Kerja Bahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator PP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Indikator PP adalah indikator perubahan warna dengan ditandai tepat hilangnya
warna merah. Cara pembuatan indikator PP adalah 1 gram Penophatalein dalam 100
ml alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> KOH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
KOH berfungsi untuk melarutkan asam lemak hasil hidrolisa agar mempermudah
reaksi dengan basa sehingga terbentuk. Cara pembuatan KOH adalah KOH sebanyak
6,5 gram dilarutkan dalam aquadest hingga 1 L (Sudarmadji,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">et. al</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">., 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: </span><a href="http://izzul107.blogspot.com/2011/07/minyak-dan-lemak-angka-asam.html">http://izzul107.blogspot.com/2011/07/minyak-dan-lemak-angka-asam.html</a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-73306354894095381792012-09-23T18:01:00.001-07:002012-09-23T18:01:02.537-07:00Angka Penyabunan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">angka penyabunan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemak dan minyak adalah salah satu
kelompok yang termasuk pada golonganlipid , yaitu senyawa organik yang terdapat
di alam serta tidak larut dalam air,tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik
non-polar,misalnya dietil eter (C2H5OC2H5),Kloroform(CHCl3), benzena dan
hidrokarbon lainnya, lemak dan minyak dapat larutdalam pelarut yang disebutkan
di atas karena lemak dan minyak mempunyaipolaritas yang samadengan pelaut
tersebut.Analisa lemak dan minyak yang umum dilakukan dapat dapat dibedakanmenjadi
tiga kelompok berdasarkan tujuan analisa, yaitu;Penentuan kuantitatif, yaitu
penentuan kadar lemak dan minyak yang terdapatdalam bahan mkanan atau bahan
pertanian.Penentuan kualitas minyak sebagai bahan makanan, yang berkaitan
dengan proses ekstraksinya,atau ada pemurnian lanjutan , misalnya
penjernihan(refining),penghilanganbau(deodorizing), penghilangan
warna(bleaching). Penentuan tingkatkemurnian minyak ini sangat erat kaitannya
dengan daya tahannya selama penyimpanan,sifat gorengnuya,baunya maupun
rasanya.tolak ukur kualitas inadalah angka asam lemak bebasnya(free fatty acid
atau FFA), angka peroksida,tingkat ketengikan dan kadar air.Penentuan sifat
fisika maupun kimia yang khas ataupun mencirikan sifatminyak tertentu. data ini
dapat diperoleh dari angka iodinenya,angka Reichert-Meissel,angka
polenske,angka krischner,angka penyabunan, indeks refraksi
titik cair,angka kekentalan,titik percik,komposisi asam-asam lemak ,dan
sebagainya.angka penyabunan menunjukkan berat molekul lemak dan minyak secarakasar
.minyak yang disusun oleh asam lemak berantai karbon yang
pendek berarti mempunyai berat molekul ytang relatif kecil, akan
mempunyai angka penyabunan yang besar dan sebaliknya bila minya mempunyai
berat molekulyang besar ,mka angka penyabunan relatif kecil . angka penyabunan
inidinyatakan sebagai banyaknya (mg) NaOH yang dibutuhkan
untuk menyabunkan satu gram lemak atau minyak.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: </span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/39778067/angka-penyabunan"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/39778067/angka-penyabunan</span></a></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">PENENTUAN
ANGKA PENYABUNAN & ASAM LEMAK BEBAS (FFA)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A.
ACARA<br />
Praktikum penentuan Analisis Lemak dengan menggunakan metode Weibull, penentuan
Angka Penyabunan, dan penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA).<br />
<br />
B. PRINSIP<br />
1. Analisis Kadar Lemak dengan Metode Weibull<br />
Ekstraksi lemak dengan pelarut non polar setelah contoh dihidrolisis dalam
suasana asam untuk membebaskan lemak yang terikat.<br />
2. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<br />
Titrasi kelebihan KOH oleh HCl yang ditetapkan sebagai banyaknya KOH saat titik
akhir.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
3. Penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA)<br />
Penentuan presentase asam lemak bebas (FFA) berprinsip pada titrasi sampel yang
dilarutkan dengan alkohol netral oleh NaOH untuk menetralkan asam lemak bebas.<br />
<br />
C. TUJUAN<br />
1. Analisis Lemak dengan metode Weibull<br />
Melakukan penetapan kadar lemak atau minyak dalam bahan hasil pertanian atau
hasil olahanya yang dinyatakan sebagai lemak atau minyak yang terekstraksi.<br />
2. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<br />
Melakukan penetapan bilangan penyabunan yang dinyatakan sebagai jumlah mg. KOH
yang dibutuhkan untuk menyabunkan lemak atau minyak secara sempurna dari 1 g
sample.<br />
3. Penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA)<br />
Melakukan penetapan asam lemak bebas dari sample sebagai persentase bobot dari
asam lemak bebas yang ada.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
D. REAKSI<br />
<br />
<br />
REAKSI<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
E. DASAR TEORI<br />
Lemak atau minyak adalah senyawa makromolekul berupa trigliserida, yaitu sebuah
ester yang tersusun dari asam lemak dan gliserol. Jenis dan jumlah asam lemak
penyusun suatu minyak atau lemak menentukan karakteristik fisik dan kimiawi
minyak atau lemak.<br />
Disebut minyak apabila trigliserida tersebut berbentuk cair pada suhu kamar dan
disebut lemak apabila berbentuk padat pada suhu kamar. Asam lemak berdasarkan
sifat ikatan kimianya dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu :<br />
1. asam lemak jenuh<br />
2. asam lemak tidak jenuh<br />
Sebagai zat gizi, lemak atau minyak semakin baik kualitasnya jika banyak
mengandung asam lemak tidak jenuh dan sebaliknya. Minyak atau lemak bersifat
non polar sehingga tidak larut dalam pelarut polar seperti air dan larutan
asam, tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik yang bersifat non polar seperti
n-Hexane, Benzene, Chloroform, dll.<br />
Pemilihan bahan pelarut yang paling sesuai untuk ekstraksi lipida adalah dengan
menentukan derajat polaritasnya. Pada dasarnya semua bahan akan mudah larut
dalam pelarut yang sama polaritasnya. Karena polaritas lipida berbeda-beda maka
tidak ada bahan pelarut umum (universal) untuk semua acam lipida.<br />
Contoh di bawah ini menunjukan beberapa bahan jenis pelarut yang sesuai dengan
ekstraksi lipida tertentu :<br />
senyawa trigliserida yang bersifat non
polar akan mudah diekstraksi dengan pelarut-pelarut non polar misalnya n-Hexane
atau petroleum ether</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
glikolipida yang polar akan mudah
diekstraksi dengan alkohol yang polar</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
lesitin (lecithin) atau secara kimiawi
adalah senyawa phosphatidyl-choline bersifat basis dan akan mudah larut dalam
pelarut yang sedikit asam misalnya alkohol.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Phosphatidyl-serine yaitu fosfolipida
yang bersifat polar dan asam akan mudah larut dalam khloroform yang sedikit
polar dan basis.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Senyawa lemak dan minyak merupakan senyawa alami penting yang dapat dipelajari
secara lebih mendalam relatif lebih mudah daripada senyawa-senyawa makronutrien
yang lain.<br />
Prosedur-prosedur analisa lemka dan minyak berkembang pesat, baik yang
menggunakan alat peralatan sederhana maupun yang lebih mutakhir. Kemudahan
analisa tersebut dimungkinkan antara lain :<br />
1. molekul lemak dan minyak relatif lebih kecil dan kurang kompleks
dibandingkan dengan molekul karbohidrat dan protein.<br />
2. molekul-molekul lemak dan minyak dapat disintesakan di laboratorium menurut
kebutuhan, sedangkan molekul protein dan karbohidrat yang kompleks, misalnya
lignin belum dapat.<br />
Analisa lemak dan minyak yang umum dilakukan pada bahan makanan dapat
digolongkan dalam 3 kelompok tujuan ini :<br />
1. penentuan kuntitatif atau penentuan kadar lemak atau minyak yang terdapat
pada bahan pertanian dan olahanya.<br />
2. penentuan kualitas minyak (murni) sebagai bahan makanan yang berkaitan
dengan proses ekstraksinya, atau ada tidaknya perlakuan pemurnian lanjutan,
misalnya :<br />
penjernihan (refining)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
penghilangan bau (deodorizing)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
penghilangan warna (bleaching), dll</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
penentuan tingkat kemurnian minyak ini sangat berhubungan erat dengan kekuatan
daya simpannya, sifat gorengnya, bau maupun rasanya.<br />
Tolak ukur kualitasnya ini termasuk angka asam lemak bebas (Free Fatty Acid
atau FFA), bilangan peroksida, tingkat ketengikan, dan kadar air.<br />
3. Penentuan sifat fisis maupun kimiawi yang khas atau mencirikan sifat minyak
tertentu. Data mengenai sifat minyak ini misalnya :<br />
angka iodin yang menentukan tingkat
ketidakjenuhan asam-asam penyusunnya</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
titik cair (melting point)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
angka Reichert-meissel yaitu angka yang
menujukan jumlah asam-asam lemak yang dapat larut dalam air dan mudah menguap
(panjang rantai C4-C6)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
angka Polenske yaitu angka yang
menunjukan kadar asam-asam lemak yang mudah menguap tetapi tidak larut dalam
air (C8-C14)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
angka Kirschner) yang khusus menunjukan
jumlah asam butirat</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Sedangkan angka penyabunan (Saponification value) menunjukkan secara relatif
besar kecilnya molekul asam-asam lemak yang terkandung dalam gliserida. Titik
tolak ukur lain misalnya angka indeks refraksi , titik cair, angka kekentalan,
titik percik (Flash point), komposisi asam-asam lemak, dll.<br />
Penentuan kadar lemak dengan pelarut, selain lemak juga terikut fosfolipida,
sterol, asam lemak bebas, karotenoid dan pigmen yang lain. Karena itu hasil
analisanya disebut lemak kasar (crude fat)<br />
Ada 2 cara penentuan kadar lemak berdasarkan jenis bahan yang akan ditentukan :<br />
1. Bahan Kering<br />
Untuk penentuan lemak dari bahan kering, bahan dibungkus atau ditempatkan dalam
thimble lalu dikeringkan dalam oven unutk menghilangkan kadar airnya. Ekstraksi
lemak dari bahan kering dapat dilakukan secara terputus-putus atau secara
berkesinambungan. Ekstraksi secara terputus-putus dilakukan dengan alat soxhlet
atau alat ekstraksi ASTM (American Society Testing Material). Sedangkan secara
berkesinambungan dengan alat Goldfisch atau ASTM yang telah dimodifikasi.<br />
2. Bahan Basah<br />
Penentuan kadar lemak dari bahan cair dapat menggunakan botol Babcock atau
dengan Mojonnier. Sample yang telah ditimbang dimasukan ke dalam botol Babcock
setelah melalui beberapa tahap dan disentrifuse lemak akan semakin terpisah
dengan cairannya, dan agar dapat dibaca banyaknya lemak maka ke dalam botol
ditambahkan aquadest panas sampai lemak tepat pada skala yang terdapat pada
leher botol Babcock, dengan demikian banyaknya lemak dapat langsung diketahui.<br />
Sedangkan dengan metode Mojonnier, hasil ekstraksi kemudian diuapkan pelarutnya
dan dikeringkan dalam oven sampai diperoleh berat konstan, berat residu
dinyatakan sebagai berat lemak atau minyak dalam bahan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
<br />
F. ALAT DAN BAHAN<br />
Alat</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
1. Analisis Kadar lemak Metode Wiebull<br />
• Labu lemak<br />
• Soxhlet<br />
• Hot Plate<br />
• Oven<br />
• Neraca analitik<br />
• Beaker glass<br />
• Corong saring<br />
• Kaca arloji<br />
• Erlenmeyer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Spatula<br />
• Kertas saring<br />
• Pipet ukur 50 mL<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Bulp<br />
2. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<br />
• Neraca analitik<br />
• Erlenmeyer 200 mL<br />
• Pipet ukur 50 mL<br />
• Labu ukur<br />
• Pendingin balik (Kompresor)<br />
• Hot plate<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Buret 50 mL<br />
• Spatula<br />
• Batang pengaduk<br />
• Botol semprot<br />
• Beaker glass<br />
• Bulp<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
3. Penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA)<br />
• Beaker glass<br />
• Batang pengaduk<br />
• Buret<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Botol semprot<br />
• Hot plate<br />
• Neraca analitik<br />
• Erlenmeyer<br />
• Pipet ukur 50 mL<br />
• Pipet tetes<br />
• Bulp<br />
• Buret 50 mL<br />
Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
1. Analisis Kadar Lemak Metode Weibull<br />
• Asam klorida (HCl) 25 %<br />
• n-Hexane<br />
• Aquadest<br />
• Sample tepung pisang<br />
2. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<br />
• Larutan KOH<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Indikator Phenolphtalein<br />
• Larutan asam klorida (HCl) 0,5 N<br />
• Sample margarine (Blue Band)<br />
3. Penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA)<br />
• Alkohol netral<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Indikator Phenolphtalein<br />
• Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH) 0,1 N<br />
• Sample Margarine (Blue Band)<br />
<br />
G. PROSEDUR<br />
1. Analisis Kadar Lemak Metode Weibull<br />
• Menimbang dengan seksama 1-2 gram contoh ke dalam gelas piala<br />
• Menambahkan HCl 25 % sebanyak 30 mL dan air sebanyak 20 mL, serta beberapa
batu didih<br />
• Menutup gelas piala dengan kaca arloji dan didihkan selama 15 menit<br />
• Kemudian menyaringnya dalam keadaan panas dan mencucinya dengan air panas
hingga tidak bereaksi asam lagi<br />
• Mengeringkan kertas saring berikut isinya pada suhu 100oC-105oC<br />
• Memasukan ke dalam selongsong keras yang dialasi kapas<br />
• Menyumbat selongsong kertas berisi contoh tersebut dengan kapas<br />
• Memasukan selongsong kertas tersebut ke dalam alat soxhlet yang dihubungkan
dengan labu lemak yang telah dikeringkan dan diketahui bobotnya<br />
• Mengekstrak dengan n-Hexane atau pelarut lemak lainnya selama kurang lebih
2-3 jam<br />
• Menyuling n-Hexane dan mengeringkan akstrak lemak dalam oven pengering pada
suhu 105oC<br />
• Mendinginkan dalam eksikator dan menimbangnya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Mengulangi proses pengkonstanan sehingga berat labu konstan<br />
3. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Menimbang contoh dengan teliti antara 1,5-5,0 gram dalam erlenmeyer 200 mL<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Menambah larutan KOH sebanyak 50 mL, yang dibuat dari 40 gram KOH dalam 1
liter akohol<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Menutupnya dengan pendingin balik (kompresor)<br />
• Mendidihkan dengan hati-hati selama 30 menit<br />
• Kemudian didinginkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Menambahkan beberapa tetes indikator phenolphtalein (PP)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Mentitrasi kelebihan larutan KOH dengan larutan standar HCl 0,5 N<br />
• Melakukan titrasi blanko untuk mengetahui kelebihan larutan KOH<br />
<br />
3. Penentuan Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA)<br />
• Mengaduk bahan secara merata dan berada dalam keadaan cair pada saat mengambil
contohnya<br />
• Menimbang sebanyak 28,2 ± 0,2 gram contoh dalam erlenmeyer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
• Menambahkan alkohol netral panas sebanyak 50 mL dan indikator phenolphtalein
(PP) sebanyak 2 mL<br />
• Mentitrasi dengan larutan NaOH 0,1 N yang telah distandardisasi sampai warna
merah jambu tercapai dan tidak hilang selama 30 detik<br />
• Persen asam lemak bebas dinyatakan sebagai oleat pada kebanyakan minyak dan
lemak. Untuk minyak kelapa dan minyak inti kelapa sawit dinyatakan sebagai
laurat, sedang pada minyak kelapa sawit dinyatakan sebagai palmitat.<br />
<br />
<br />
H. DATA PENGAMATAN<br />
1. Analisis Kadar Lemak Metode Weibull<br />
<br />
NO Wo Ws Wi % LEMAK Rata-rata<br />
1 84,0050 g 1,8692 g 84,0165 g 0,6152 % -<br />
<br />
Kadar lemak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
<br />
= 0,5885 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Angka Penyabunan<br />
Berat Sampel = 1,5916 gr<br />
NaOH = 9,2 Ml<br />
<br />
3. Penentuan Bilangan Asam Lemak Bebas<br />
NO Berat Sample (g) Volume NaOH (mL) Konsentrasi NaOH (N) % FFA<br />
1 28,2919 4,4 0,093 0,37026<br />
2 5,0248 0,2 0,093 0,0947<br />
<br />
Sampel I =<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
=<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
= 0,37026 %<br />
Sampel II =<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
=<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
= 0,09476 %<br />
<br />
I. PEMBAHASAN<br />
1. Analisa Kadar Lemak Metode Weibull<br />
Dalam analisa kadar lemak dengan metode weibull ini sample yang dipergunakan
adalah tepung pisang, berdasarkan SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) berat sample
yang dipergunakan untuk analisa kadar lemak adalah sebanyak 1-2 gram, dan saat
praktikum sample yang dipergunakan sebanyak 1,8692 gram.<br />
Setelah sample ditimbang, kemudian ditambahkan HCl 25 %, penambahan HCl ini
dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan suasana asam sehingga membantu melepaskan atau
membebaskan lemak yang terkandung dalam sample.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Sebelum dipanaskan, sample, HCl dan Aquadest dalam beaker glass ditambahkan
batu didih yang berfungsi untuk meredam bumping atau letupan yang mungkin
terjadi selama proses pemanasan.<br />
Proses pemanasan dilakukan sampai mendidih selama 15 menit, selama proses
pemanasan beaker glass ditutup dengan menggunakan pertridisk, hal ini dilakukan
untuk mencegah menyebarnya uap asam yang ditimbulkan dari hasil pemanasan,
sehingga selama proses ini dilakukan di tempat yang mempunyai kondisi ventilasi
yang baik atau di dekat jendela.<br />
Setelah mendidih, sample kemudian disaring dalam keadaan panas, saat proses
penyaringan kelengkapan K3 harus diperhatikan, hal ini dikarenakan uap yang
timbul saat penyaringan dapat mengganggu dan berbahaya. Penyaringan dilakukan
dengan menggunakan corong gelas yang dilengkapi dengan kertas saring watman,
ukuran dari kertas saring yang dipergunakan disesusaikan dengan ukuran corong
yang dipergunakan, tinggi dari kertas saring minimal sejajar dengan corong, hal
ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari meresapnya lemak pada dinding corong akibat
gaya kapilaritas. Apabila hal ini tidak diperhatikan maka akan mempengaruhi
perhitungan kadar lemak yang terkandung pada bahan, dan pengujian menjadi tidak
akurat.<br />
Setelah semua bahan disaring, maka endapan yang tersaring dalam kertas saring
dibilas dengan menggunakan air panas, proses pembilasan dengan air panas
dilakukan untuk membantu melarutkan HCl yang masih terkandung dalam endapan,
air dipergunakan untuk membilas endapan karena air bersifat polar dan tidak
akan melarutkan lemak atau minyak yang terkandung dalam bahan (karena lemak
atau minyak hanya akan larut oleh pelarut non polar) sehingga pembilasan dengan
air panas tidak akan berpengaruh pada hasil pengujian.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Pembilasan dengan air ini dilakukan sampai endapan tidak bersifat asam, untuk
mengetahui apakah larutan sudah tidak bersifat asam atau tidak, maka perlu
dilakukan tes kualitatif, tes kualitatif yang dilakukan adalah dengan
menggunakan kertas lakmus biru, apabila kertas lakmus berubah menjadi warna
merah muda (pink) maka itu berarti endapan masih mengandung asam, apabila
lakmus sudah tidak berubah warna, maka itu berarti endapan sudah tidak bersifat
asam dan proses selanjutnya dapat dilakukan.<br />
Proses selanjutnya adalah mengeringkan kertas saring tersebut dalam oven dengan
suhu kira-kira 100o-105oC, proses pengeringan dilakukan sampai kertas saring
cukup kering, tujuan dari proses pengeringan adalah menguapkan sebagian besar
sisa air yang terkandung dalam endapan. Proses pengeringan ini sebaiknya tidak
dilakukan terlalu lama, proses pengeringan yang terlalu lama akan mengakibatkan
lemak yang terkandung menjadi sulit untuk diekstraksi.<br />
Setelah endapan kering, proses selanjutnya dengan membungkus sample dengan
kertas saring yang dibentuk menyerupai selongsong dan kedua ujungnya disumbat
dengan kapas bebas lemak, selongsong atau thimbel ini kemudian dimasukan ke
dalam alat ekstraksi soxhlet.<br />
Ukuran dari thimbel ini disesuaikan dengan ukuran dari soxhlet yang
dipergunakan. Setelah thimbel dimasukan, kemudian pelarut non polar dimasukan
ke dalam soxhlet dengan menggunakan pipet ukur, pelarut non polar yang
dipergunakan adalah n-Hexane, banyaknya pelarut yang dipergunakan juga
disesuaikan dengan soxhlet yang dipergunakan, takarannya adalah 1,5 kali tinggi
soxhlet. Pertama-tama adalah mengisi soxhlet sampai penuh dan biarkan mengalir
ke bagian labu lemak, kemudian tambahkan lagi sampai setengah bagian soxhlet.<br />
Urutan dari rangkaian peralatan uji kadar lemak ini adalah pada bagian paling
bawah hot plate, labu lemak, soxhlet, dan bagian yang paling atas adalah
kondensor. Dengan rangkaian yang seperti ini maka ekstraksi dilakukan secara
berkesinambungan (Continue). Labu lemak yang dipergunakan adalah labu lemak
yang sudah diketahui beratnya secara konstan. Pada saat praktikum labu lemak yang
dipergunakan mempunyai berat konstan 84,0050 gram (Wo).<br />
Proses ekstraksi dilakukan minimal 6 kali, dihitung dari berapa kali thimbel
dalam soxhlet terbenam oleh pelarut non polar tersebut. Selama proses ekstraksi
berlangsung warna pelarut n-Hexane berubah, dari bening menjadi sedikit
kekuningan, hal ini disebabkan karena kandungan lemak dalam sample terekstraksi
dan merubah warna larutan menjadi agak kekuningan.<br />
Setelah proses ekstraksi selesai dan diperkirakan lemak dalam sample sudah
terekstraksi semua, maka proses selanjutnya adalah mengambil pelarut non polar
yang dipergunakan dan dimasukan kembali ke dalam wadahnya. Proses pengambilan
dilakukan saat ekstraksi masih berlangsung dan hot plate dalam keadaan hidup,
pengambilan pelarut dilakukan dengan menggunakan pipet ukur dan pelarut diambil
sebelum mengalir ke labu ukur, dengan kata lain masih berada dalam bagian
soxhlet, sehingga sambungan antara soxhlet dan pendingin balik atau kondensor
dilepaskan dan pipet ukur dimasukan ke dalam bagian soxhlet tersebut.<br />
Karena n-hexane mempunyai titik didih yang lebih rendah dari lemak, maka selama
hot plate dinyalakan n-hexane akan menguap dan masuk ke dalam alat pendingin
balik atau kondensor, uap pelarut akan mengembun karena uap tersebut
didinginkan, tetesan pelarut akan kembali turun ke alat ekstraktor soxhlet dan
merendam thimbel yang berisi sample dan lemak yang terkandung dalam sample akan
larut oleh pelarut non polar tersebut. Saat soxlet terisi penuh, pelarut dan
lemak hasil ekstraksinya akan mengalir ke bagian labu lemak yang dipanaskan dan
akan menguapkan pelarut, sehingga yang tersisa hanya lemak yang terekstraksi
karena pelarut mempunyai titik didih yang lebih rendah.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Sehingga apabila pelarut diambil dari bagian soxhlet, maka proses diatas akan
terputus dan menyebabkan proses ekstraksi terhenti menyisakan lemak yang
terdapat dalam labu lemak. Hasil ekstraksi inilah yang dinyatakan sebagai
kandungan lemak yang terdapat dalam sample.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Setelah proses ekstraksi selesai, maka lebu lemak yang terdapat pada bagian
bawah dipisahkan dari rangkaian kemudian dikeringkan di dalam oven dengan suhu
105oC sampai kira-kira kertas saring kering, proses pengeringan dilakukan untuk
menguapkan pelarut yang masih terkandung dalam labu lemak yang dapat
mempengaruhi berat sample, karena proses selanjutnya adalah penimbangan.<br />
Berdasarkan data praktikum dapat diketahui berat labu ukur dan lemak hasil
ekstraksi (Wi) adalah 84,0165 gram. Dan berdasarkan perhitungan maka lemak yang
terkandung dalam sample adalah 0,6152 %.<br />
<br />
2. Penentuan Angka Penyabunan<br />
Berbeda dengan penentuan kadar lemak, sample yang dipergunakan untuk penentuan
angka penyabunan adalah margarine dengan merk dagang Blue Band. Penentuan
bilangan penyabunan ini dapat dipergunakan untuk mengetahui sifat minyak dan
lemak. Pengujian sifat ini dipergunakan untuk membedakan lemak yang satu dengan
yang lainnya.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Selain untuk mengetahui sifat fisik lemak atau minyak, angka penyabunan juga
dapat dipergunakan untuk menentukan berat molekul minyak dan lemak secara
kasar.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Apabila sample yang akan diuji disabunkan dengan larutan KOH berlebih dalam
alkohol, maka KOH akan bereaksi dengan trigliserida, yaitu tiga molekul KOH
bereaksi dengan satu molekul minyak atau lemak. Larutan alkali yang tertinggal
tersebut kemudian ditentukan dengan titrasi dengan menggunakan asam, sehingga
jumlah alkali yang turut bereaksi dapat diketahui.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sample yang dipakai saat praktikum adalah margarine sebanyak 1,5916 gram,
berdasarkan SNI, untuk pengujian angka penyabunan adalah antara 1,5 – 5,0 gram.
Kemudian menambahkan 50 mL larutan KOH yang terbuat dari 40 gram dalam 1 liter
alkohol. Pelarut yang dipergunakan untuk melarutkan KOH adalah Alkohol,
penambahan alkohol dimaksudkan untuk melarutkan asam lemak hasil hidrolisis
agar dapat membantu mempermudah reaksi dengan basa dalam pembentukan sabun.<br />
Untuk proses selanjutnya adalah ditutup dengan pendingin balik selama 30 menit.
Sampai proses penyabunan yang selesai. Selama proses ini yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah kerapatan dari karet penyumbat yang menyumbat mulut
erlenmeyer, kerapatan penyumbat perlu diperhatikan agar uap yang keluar saat
proses pemanasan tidak keluar. Dengan menggunakan kondensor atau pendingin
balik, uap yang dihasilkan dari pemanasan tersebut akan berubah menjadi embun
dan kembali mengalir ke dalam Erlenmeyer.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Proses selanjutnya adalah mendinginkan larutan dengan menggunakan es,
penggunaan es dalam proses pendinginan dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan suhu
larutan sehingga ketika titrasi tidak terlalu panas. Apabila Suhu larutan
terlalu tinggi maka dikhawatirkan terjadinya penguapan KOH. Selanjutnya
dititrasi dengan HCl 0,5 N dan menggunakan indikator Phenolphtalein (PP). Untuk
mengetahui kelebihan larutan KOH, maka dilakukan titrasi blanko, yaitu titrasi
tanpa adanya sample dengan prosedur yang sama.<br />
Kesalahan yang timbul pada saat titrasi adalah penentuan titik akhir, kesalahan
ini disebabkan karena perubahan warna yang seharusnya yerjadi adalah dari
coklat pekat, kemudian kuning, lalu berubah menjadi putih pucat. Perubahan
warna dari kuning ke putih tersebut tidak terlalu kontras dan menyebabkan titik
akhir sulit ditentukan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Berdasarkan praktikum volume titrasi cukup banyak apabila dibandingkan dengan
kelompok lain dengan sample yang sama yaitu sebanyak 9,2 mL HCl yang terpakai.
Penentuan ini juga hanya dilakukan 1 kali (simplo), sehingga nilai rata-ratanya
tidak dapat diketahui.<br />
Untuk mengetahui hasil pengujian tersebut benar atau tidak, maka perlu
dibandingkan dengan titrasi blanko yang dilakukan oleh kelompok lain, akan
tetapi dalam titrasi blanko juga terjadi kesalahan yaitu pelarut yang
dipergunakan untuk melarutkan KOH adalah aquadest, padahal pelarut yang
seharusnya dipergunakan adalah alkohol. Hal ini menyebabkan volume titrasi
tinggi dan tidak terjadi perubahan warna, perubahan warna yang terjadi
seharusnya adalah dari merah muda menjadi bening saat titik akhir tercapai,
akan tetapi yang terjadi adalah larutan menjadi semakin pekat dan tidak terjadi
perubahan warna menjadi bening kembali. Sehingga hasil titrasi sample tidak
dapat dihitung, karena perbandingan dengan titrasi blanko tidak dapat
dilakukan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
Selain diakibatkan karena kesalahan dalam penggunaan pelarut, kesalahan titrasi
blanko ini dapat disebabkan karena proses penyabunan yang tidak sempurna,
kondisi peralatan yang tidak sesuai, dll.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
Sumber:
<a href="http://btagallery.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_4540.html">http://btagallery.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_4540.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
</div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-48121812932533807382012-09-23T17:48:00.003-07:002012-09-23T17:48:59.492-07:00EKSTRAKSI LEMAK KASAR MENGGUNAKAN SOXHLET EXTRACTOR <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.25pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EKSTRAKSI LEMAK KASAR MENGGUNAKAN
SOXHLET EXTRACTOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PRINSIP SOXHLET</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip soxhlet ialah
ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya sehingga terjadi
ekstraksi kontiyu dengan jumlah pelarut konstan dengan adanya pendingin balik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Soklet terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pengaduk / granul anti-bumping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">still pot (wadah penyuling)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bypass sidearm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">thimble selulosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">extraction liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syphon arm inlet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syphon arm outlet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Expansion adapter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Condenser (pendingin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. Cooling
water in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. Cooling
water out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan yang akan
diekstraksi ialah jagung, dedak, tepung ikan, pelet. Penentuan kadar lemak
dengan pelarut organik, selain lemak juga terikut Fosfolipida, Sterol, Asam
lemak bebas, Karotenoid, dan Pigmen yang lain . Karena itu hasil ekstraksinya
disebut Lemak kasar .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MEKANISME KERJA</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sampel yang sudah
dihaluskan, ditimbang 5-10 gram dan kemudian dibungkus atau ditempatkan dalam
“Thimble” (selongsong tempat sampel) , di atas sample ditutup dengan kapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelarut yang digunakan
adalah Petroleum Spiritus dengan titik didih 60 – 80°C. Selanjutnya labu kosong
diisi butir batu didih. Fungsi batu didih ialah untuk meratakan panas. Setelah
dikeringkan dan didinginkan, labu diisi dengan Petroleum Spirit 60 – 80°C
sebanyak 175 ml. Digunakan petroleum spiritus karena kelarutan lemak pada
pelarut organik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Thimble yang sudah
terisi sampel dimasukan ke dalam soxhlet . Soxhlet disambungkan dengan labu dan
ditempatkan pada alat pemanas listrik serta kondensor . Alat pendingin
disambungkan dengan soxhlet. Air untuk pendingin dijalankan dan alat ekstraksi lemak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mulai dipanaskan .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketika pelarut
dididihkan, uapnya naik melewati soklet menuju ke pipa pendingin. Air dingin
yang dialirkan melewati bagian luar kondenser mengembunkan uap pelarut sehingga
kembali ke fase cair, kemudian menetes ke thimble. Pelarut melarutkan lemak
dalam thimble, larutan sari ini terkumpul dalam thimble dan bila volumenya
telah mencukupi, sari akan dialirkan lewat sifon menuju labu. Proses dari
pengembunan hingga pengaliran disebut sebagai refluks. Proses ekstraksi lemak
kasar dilakukan selama 6 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah proses
ekstraksi selesai, pelarut dan lemak dipisahkan melalui proses penyulingan dan
dikeringkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DASAR PEMILIHAN METODE, KEUNTUNGAN DAN KERUGIAN METODE
SOXHLET</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode soxhlet ini
dipilih karena pelarut yang digunakan lebih sedikit (efesiensi bahan) dan
larutan sari yang dialirkan melalui sifon tetap tinggal dalam labu, sehingga
pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak sampel selalu baru dan meningkatkan
laju ekstraksi. Waktu yang digunakan lebih cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerugian metode ini
ialah pelarut yang digunakan harus mudah menguap dan hanya digunakan
untuk ekstraksi senyawa yang tahan panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim, 2008,</span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Soxhlet_Extractor.jpg"><span style="color: #b85b5a; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Soxhlet_Extractor.jpg</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim, 2008,</span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/analysis.html"><span style="color: #b85b5a; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/analysis.html</span></a> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darmasih, 1997, peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/user/ptek97-24.pdf, diakses
tanggal 20 Agustus 2008</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sumber: <a href="http://eskariachandra.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/soklet/">http://eskariachandra.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/soklet/</a></span></div>
gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-44260027560929379692012-09-23T17:45:00.000-07:002012-09-23T17:45:12.395-07:00PENETAPAN LEMAK KASAR DAN KOMPONEN LIPID (PENETAPAN LEMAK DENGAN METODE SOXHLET) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENETAPAN LEMAK KASAR
DAN KOMPONEN LIPID (PENETAPAN LEMAK DENGAN METODE SOXHLET)</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">PENDAHULUAN</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Latar Belakang</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Lemak merupakan
sekelompok besar molekul-molekul alam yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur karbon,
hidrogen, dan oksigen meliputi asam lemak, malam, sterol, vitamin-vitamin yang
larut di dalam lemak (contohnya A, D, E, dan K), monogliserida, digliserida,
fosfolipid, glikolipid, terpenoid (termasuk di dalamnya getah dan steroid) dan
lain-lain. Lemak secara khusus menjadi sebutan bagi minyak hewani pada suhu
ruang, lepas dari wujudnya yang padat maupun cair, yang terdapat pada jaringan
tubuh yang disebut adiposa (Anonim 2010).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Mengekstraksi lemak
secara murni sangat sulit dilakukan, sebab pada waktu mengekstraksi lemak, akan
terekstraksi pula zat-zat yang larut dalam lemak seperti sterol, phospholipid,
asam lemak bebas, pigmen karotenoid, khlorofil, dan lain-lain. Pelarut yang
digunakan harus bebas dari air agar bahan-bahan yang larut dalam air tidak
terekstrak dan terhitung sebagai lemak dan keaktifan pelarut tersebut menjadi
berkurang. Pelarut ini seperti dietil eter, hexana, benzena, dan lain-lain.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Ada dua kelompok
umum untuk mengekstraksi lemak yaitu metode ekstraksi kering dan metode
ekstraksi basah. Metode kering pada ekstraksi lemak mempunyai prinsip bahwa
mengeluarkan lemak dan zat yang terlarut dalam lemak tersebut dari sampel yang
telah kering benar dengan menggunakan pelarut anyhidrous. Keuntungan dari dari
metode kering ini, praktikum menjadi amat sederhana, bersifat universal, dan
mempunyai ketepatan yang baik. Kelemahannya metode ini membutuhkan waktu yang
cukup lama, pelarut yang digunakan mudah terbakar dan adanya zat lain yang ikut
terekstrak sebagai lemak.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Prinsip soxhlet
ialah ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya sehingga
terjadi ekstraksi kontiyu dengan jumlah pelarut konstan dengan adanya pendingin
balik. Metode soxhlet ini dipilih karena pelarut yang digunakan lebih sedikit
(efesiensi bahan) dan larutan sari yang dialirkan melalui sifon tetap tinggal
dalam labu, sehingga pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak sampel selalu
baru dan meningkatkan laju ekstraksi. Waktu yang digunakan lebih cepat.
Kerugian metode ini ialah pelarut yang digunakan harus mudah menguap dan hanya
digunakan untuk ekstraksi senyawa yang tahan panas.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Tujuan</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Praktikum penerapan
analisis lemak ini dilakukan untuk mengukur kadar lemak analisis dengan metode
Soxhlet.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">METODOLOGI</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Waktu dan Tempat</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Praktikum penetapan
lemak protein dilaksanakan hari Kamis tanggal 25 Maret 2010, jam 13.00 hingga
16.00 WIB. Pelaksanaan praktikum di Laboratorium Analisis Zat gizi makro,
Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Alat dan Bahan</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Alat-alat yang
digunakan adalah bulp, pipa volumetrik, labu lemak,gelas ukur, soxhlet, oven
pemanas, timbangan elektronik, eksikator. Selanjutnya, bahan-bahan yang
digunakan adalah pelarut lemak (dietil eter, hexana, benzene), biskuit.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Prosedur Kerja</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Labu lemak
disiapkan yang ukurannya sesuai dengan alat ekstraksi soxhlet yang akan
digunakan.</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Labu lemak kemudian
dikeringkan dalam oven selama 30 menit</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">dalam suhu 1050 C
dan didinginkan dalam eksikator selama 15 menit setelah itu ditimbang.</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Sampel ditimbang
tepat 5 gram di dalam kertas saring yang sesuai ukurannya.</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Pelarut lemak
dimasukkan kedalam labu lemak secukupnya.</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Kertas saring
kemudian dimasukkan kedalam alat ekstraksi soxhlet.</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Labu lemak
dipanaskan dan dilakukan ekstraksi selama 3-4 jam</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Setelah selesai,
pelarut kemudian disuling kembali dan labu lemak diangkat dan dikeringkan dalam
oven pada suhu 1050 C</span><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">↓</span><span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Labu lemak
didinginkan dalam eksikator selama 20-30 menit kemudian ditimbang.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Penetapan Kadar
Lemak</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Lemak merupakan
sekelompok besar molekul-molekul alam yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur karbon,
hidrogen, dan oksigen meliputi asam lemak, malam, sterol, vitamin-vitamin yang
larut di dalam lemak (contohnya A, D, E, dan K), monogliserida, digliserida,
fosfolipid, glikolipid, terpenoid (termasuk di dalamnya getah dan steroid) dan
lain-lain. Lemak secara khusus menjadi sebutan bagi minyak hewani pada suhu
ruang, lepas dari wujudnya yang padat maupun cair, yang terdapat pada jaringan
tubuh yang disebut adiposa (Anonim 2010).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Dalam analisis
lemak, sulit untuk melakukan ekstraksi lemak secara murni. Hal itu disebabkan
pada waktu ekstraksi lemak dengan pelarut lemak, seperti phospholipid, sterol,
asam lemak bebas, pigmen karotenoid, dan klorofil. Oleh karena itu, hasil
analisis lemak ditetapkan sebagai lemak kasar. Terdapat dua metode dalam
penentukan kadar lemak suatu sampel, yaitu metode ekstraksi kering (menggunakan
soxhlet) dan metode ekstraksi basah. Selain itu, metode yang digunakan dalam
analisis kadar lemak dapat menggunakan metode weibull. Prinsip kerja dari
metode weubull adalah ekstraksi lemak dengan pelarut nonpolar setelah sampel
dihidrolisis dalam suasana asam untuk membebaskan lemak yang terikat (Harper
dkk 1979).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Prinsip Soxhlet</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Prinsip soxhlet
ialah ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya sehingga
terjadi ekstraksi kontiyu dengan jumlah pelarut konstan dengan adanya pendingin
balik. Soxhlet terdiri dari pengaduk atau granul anti-bumping, still pot (wadah
penyuling, bypass sidearm, thimble selulosa, extraction liquid, syphon arm
inlet, syphon arm outlet, expansion adapter, condenser (pendingin), cooling
water in, dan cooling water out.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Bahan yang akan
diekstraksi ialah jagung, dedak, tepung ikan, pelet. Penentuan kadar lemak
dengan pelarut organik, selain lemak juga terikut fosfolipida, sterol, asam
lemak bebas, karotenoid, dan pigmen yang lain . Karena itu hasil ekstraksinya
disebut lemak kasar (Darmasih 1997).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Mekanisme Kerja</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Sampel yang sudah
dihaluskan, ditimbang 5-10 gram dan kemudian dibungkus atau ditempatkan dalam
thimble (selongsong tempat sampel), di atas sample ditutup dengan kapas.
Pelarut yang digunakan adalah petroleum spiritus dengan titik didih 60-80°C.
Selanjutnya labu kosong diisi butir batu didih. Fungsi batu didih ialah untuk
meratakan panas. Setelah dikeringkan dan didinginkan, labu diisi dengan
petroleum spiritus 60-80°C sebanyak 175 ml. Digunakan petroleum spiritus karena
kelarutan lemak pada pelarut organik.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Thimble yang sudah
terisi sampel dimasukan ke dalam soxhlet. Soxhlet disambungkan dengan labu dan
ditempatkan pada alat pemanas listrik serta kondensor. Alat pendingin
disambungkan dengan soxhlet. Air untuk pendingin dijalankan dan alat ekstraksi
lemak mulai dipanaskan.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Ketika pelarut
dididihkan, uapnya naik melewati soxhlet menuju ke pipa pendingin. Air dingin
yang dialirkan melewati bagian luar kondenser mengembunkan uap pelarut sehingga
kembali ke fase cair, kemudian menetes ke thimble. Pelarut melarutkan lemak
dalam thimble, larutan sari ini terkumpul dalam thimble dan bila volumenya
telah mencukupi, sari akan dialirkan lewat sifon menuju labu. Proses dari
pengembunan hingga pengaliran disebut sebagai refluks. Proses ekstraksi lemak
kasar dilakukan selama 6 jam. Setelah proses ekstraksi selesai, pelarut dan
lemak dipisahkan melalui proses penyulingan dan dikeringkan (Darmasih 1997).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Dasar Pemilihan
Metode, Keuntungan dan Kerugian Metode Soxhlet</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Bahan terekstrak
yang diperoleh dari kedua cara ekstraksi semakin tinggi dengan semakin polarnya
pelarut. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang bisa terekstrak dalam gambir
bersifat polar. Bahan terekstrak paling tinggi dalam hal ini diperoleh dengan
menggunakan pelarut campuran etanol dan air pada perbandingan 1:1 (84,77 %
(b/b) pada cara maserasi dan 87,69 % (b/b) pada cara Soxhlet).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Ekstraksi dengan
Soxhlet memberikan hasil ekstrak yang lebih tinggi karena pada cara ini
digunakan pemanasan yang diduga memperbaiki kelarutan ekstrak. Dibandingkan
dengan cara maserasi, ekstraksi dengan Soxhlet memberikan hasil ekstrak yang
lebih tinggi. Makin polar pelarut, bahan terekstrak yang dihasilkan tidak
berbeda untuk kedua macam cara ekstraksi. Fenolat total yang tertinggi
didapatkan pada proses ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat. Sifat
antibakteri tertinggi terjadi pada ekstrak yang diperoleh dari ekstraksi
menggunakan pelarut etil asetat untuk ketiga macam bakteri uji Gram-positif.
Semua ekstrak tidak menunjukkan daya hambat yang berarti pada semua bakteri uji
Gram-negatif (Whitaker 1915).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Biskuit ‘Monde Milk
Marie’</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Biskuit adalah
produk makanan kecil yang renyah yang dibuat dengan cara dipanggang. Ciri-ciri
dari biskuit diantaranya, renyah dan kering, bentuk umumnya kecil, tipis dan
rata (Anonim 2010).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Biskuit merupakan
produk makanan yang dibuat dari bahan dasar terigu yang dipanggang hingga kadar
air kurang dari 5 persen. Biasanya resep produk ini diperkaya dengan lemak dan
gula.Biskuit keras adalah jenis biscuit manis yang dibuat dari adonan keras,
berbentuk pipih, bila dipatahkan penampang potongannya bertekstur padat, dapat
berkadar lemak tinggi maupun rendah (Anonim 2006).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Bahan dasar Biskuit
Monde Milk Marie adalah tepung terigu dan susu bubuk. Dengan demikian, biskuit
ini kaya akan kalsium dan vitamin D untuk membantu pembentukan tulang yang
kuat. Selain itu, biskuit ini kaya akan kandungan gizi lainnya, diantaranya
lemak, protein, karbohidrat, dan mineral (Nutrition Fact).</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Pada praktikum ini
dilakukan penetapan kadar lemak pada berbagai jenis biskuit yang ada di pasaran
dengan menggunakan metode soxhlet (metode ekstraksi kering). Jenis biskuit yang
digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah monde milk marie.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Penetapan kadar
lemak pada biskuit tersebut dengan metode soxhlet ini dilakukan dengan cara
mengeluarkan lemak dari biskuit dengan pelarut anhydrous. Pelarut anhydrous
merupakan pelarut yang benar-benar bebas air. Hal tersebut bertujuan supaya
bahan-bahan ynag larut air tidak terekstrak dan terhitung sebagai lemak serta
keaktifan pelarut tersebut tidak berkurang. Sampel yang sudah dihaluskan,
ditimbang 5-10 gram dan kemudian dibungkus atau ditempatkan dalam thimble
(selongsong tempat sampel), di atas sample ditutup dengan kapas. Selanjutnya
labu kosong diisi butir batu didih. Fungsi batu didih ialah untuk meratakan
panas. Setelah dikeringkan dan didinginkan, labu diisi dengan pelarut anhydrous.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Thimble yang sudah
terisi sampel dimasukan ke dalam soxhlet. Soxhlet disambungkan dengan labu dan
ditempatkan pada alat pemanas listrik serta kondensor. Alat pendingin
disambungkan dengan soxhlet. Air untuk pendingin dijalankan dan alat ekstraksi
lemak mulai dipanaskan .</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Ketika pelarut
dididihkan, uapnya naik melewati soxhlet menuju ke pipa pendingin. Air dingin
yang dialirkan melewati bagian luar kondenser mengembunkan uap pelarut sehingga
kembali ke fase cair, kemudian menetes ke thimble. Pelarut melarutkan lemak
dalam thimble, larutan sari ini terkumpul dalam thimble dan bila volumenya
telah mencukupi, sari akan dialirkan lewat sifon menuju labu. Proses dari
pengembunan hingga pengaliran disebut sebagai refluks. Proses ekstraksi lemak
kasar dilakukan selama 6 jam. Setelah proses ekstraksi selesai, pelarut dan
lemak dipisahkan melalui proses penyulingan dan dikeringkan (Darmasih 1997).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">. Pada percobaan
ini, biskuit yang telah dihaluskan sebanyak ± 5 gram dibungkus dengan kertas
saring lalu dimasukkan ke dalam alat ekstraksi soxhlet. Alat ekstraksi soxhlet
tersebut dihubungkan dengan kondensor dan labu lemak yang telah diisi dengan
pelarut lemak. Penentuan kadar lemak pada biskuit tersebut dilakukan selama ± 3
jam. Hasil dari percobaan ini diperoleh persentasi kadar lemak sebesar 258 %.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Hasil yang
diperoleh dari praktikum ini adalah kadar lemak dari masing-masing sampel yang
didapatkan melalui rumus. Kadar lemak diperoleh melalui selisih berat labu
lemak akhir dengan berat labu lemak awal, dibagi dengan berat sampel, kemudian
dikalikan 100%. Hasil perhitungan masing-masing sampel dapat dilihat pada tabel
berikut ini.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Tabel 1 Penetapan
kadar lemak pada biskuit</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Kelompok Sampel
Labu Berat sampel Berat labu + lemak (g) Kadar lemak</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Berat (g) Kode</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">1 Nissin crackers
39,5971 60 5,0065 37,7083 -37,73%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2 Square stuff
59,2169 C9 5,0466 40,4979 -370%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">3 Roma sari gandum
51,8791 2 5,0604 60,4963 170%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">4 Oops butter
crackers 57,8971 1 5,0028 58,3586 9,22%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">5 Monde milk marie
39,3917 3 5,0389 52,3516 257,2%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">6 Biskuat susu
36,6286 15 5,0880 40,4476 75,06%</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Berdasarkan tabel
diatas biskuit Nissin Crackers memiliki kadar lemak sebesar -37,73%. Kemudian
biskuit Square Stuff memiliki kadar lemak sebesar. Selanjutnya biskuit Roma
Sari Gandum memiliki kadar lemak sebesar 170%. Biskuit Oops Butter Crackers
memiliki kadar lemak sebesar 9,22%. Biskuit Monde Milkmarie memiliki kadar
lemak sebesar 257,2%. Selanjutnya biskuit Biskuat Susu Memiliki kadar lemak
sebesar 75,06%. %. Urutan biskuit dengan kadar lemak tertinggi hingga biskuit
dengan kadar lemak terendah dapat dilihat melalui tabel di bawah ini.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Tabel 2 Pengurutan
contoh biskuit dengan kadar lemak tertinggi hingga kadar lemak terendah</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">No. Kelompok Sampel
biskuit Kadar lemak</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">1 2 Square stuff
-370%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2 1 Nissin crackers
-37,73%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">3 4 Oops butter
crackers 9,22%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">4 6 Biskuat susu
75,06%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">5 3 Roma sari
gandum 170%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">6 5 Monde milk
marie 257,2%</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Berdasarkan hasil
yang telah dihitung kadar lemaknya, maka dapat diketahui biskuit Monde Milk
Marie adalah biskuit yang memiliki kadar lemak yang tertinggi. Biskuit dengan
kadar lemak terendah adalah biskuit Square Stuff.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Selanjutnya biscuit
yang telah diuji kadar lemaknya dibandingkan dengan nutrition fact yang
terdapat pada bungkus biscuit tersebut. Berdasarkan tabel nutrition fact yang
terdapat pada kemasan Biskuit Monde Milk Marie disebutkan bahwa persentase
kadar lemak total setiap satu porsi makan (5 gram) adalah 5%. Dengan demikian,
kadar lemak pada biskuit yang diperoleh dari percobaan ini tidak sesuai dengan
literatur karena persentase kadar lemak biskuit hasil percobaan tersebut jauh
lebih tinggi dari persentase kadar lemak pada literatur.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi laju ekstraksi adalah tipe persiapan sampel, waktu ekstraksi,
kuantitas pelarut, suhu pelarut, tipe pelarut (Lucas dkk 1949). Berdasarkan
literatur tersebut, kesalahan pada percobaan ini dapat disebabkan karena
ketidaktepatan faktor-faktor tersebut, misalnya pada percobaan ini ekstraksi
baru mulai setelah proses ekstraksi berjalan selama ± 2 jam. Kesalahan tersebut
termasuk kesalahan waktu ekstraksi. Selain itu, kuantitas pelarut yang
digunakan tidak tepat sehingga dapat mempengaruhi jumlah kadar lemak yang terekstraksi.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Kesimpulan</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Menentukan persen
kadar lemak yang terkandung dalam suatu bahan dapat dilakukan dengan cara
menghitung selisih berat labu lemak akhir dengan berat labu lemak awal, dibagi
dengan berat sampel, kemudian dikalikan 100%. Berdasarkan tabel nutrition fact
yang terdapat pada kemasan Biskuit Monde Milk Marie disebutkan bahwa persentase
kadar lemak total setiap satu porsi makan (5 gram) adalah 5%. Dengan demikian,
kadar lemak pada biskuit yang diperoleh dari percobaan ini tidak sesuai dengan
literatur karena persentase kadar lemak biskuit hasil percobaan tersebut jauh
lebih tinggi dari persentase kadar lemak pada literatur.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Saran</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Setelah melakukan
praktikum penetapan kadar lemak dengan metode soxhlet, praktikan diharapkan
mampu menentukan kadar lemak suatu bahan makanan secara kasar. Dalam menentukan
penetapan kadar lemak ini, sebaiknya praktikan lebih cermat dalam melakukan
langkah-langkah percobaan seperti penimbangan labu lemak awal dan labu lemak
akhir agar tidak terjadi kesalahan yang akan berpengaruh pada perhitungan kadar
lemak sampel.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">LAMPIRAN</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Gambar 1 Soxhlet</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Tabel 1 Penetapan
kadar lemak pada biskuit</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Kelompok Sampel
Labu Berat sampel Berat labu + lemak (g) Kadar lemak</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Berat (g) Kode</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">1 Nissin crackers
39,5971 60 5,0065 37,7083 -37,73%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2 Square stuff
59,2169 C9 5,0466 40,4979 -370%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">3 Roma sari gandum
51,8791 2 5,0604 60,4963 170%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">4 Oops butter
crackers 57,8971 1 5,0028 58,3586 9,22%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">5 Monde milk marie
39,3917 3 5,0389 52,3516 257,2%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">6 Biskuat susu
36,6286 15 5,0880 40,4476 75,06%</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Tabel 2 Pengurutan
contoh biskuit dengan kadar lemak tertinggi hingga kadar lemak terendah</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">No. Kelompok Sampel
biskuit Kadar lemak</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">1 2 Square stuff
-370%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2 1 Nissin crackers
-37,73%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">3 4 Oops butter
crackers 9,22%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">4 6 Biskuat susu
75,06%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">5 3 Roma sari
gandum 170%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">6 5 Monde milk
marie 257,2%</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Contoh perhitungan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar lemak =
(berat labu akhir –berat labu awal )/(berat sampel) × 100%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 1 = (37,7083 -39,5971 )/5,0065 × 100% = -37,73%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 2 = (40,4979 -59,2169 )/5,0466 × 100% = -370%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 3 = (60,4963 -51,8791 )/5,0604 × 100% = 170%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 4 = (58,3586-57,8971 )/5,0028 × 100% = 9,22%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 5 = (52,3516-39,3971 )/5,0389 × 100% = 257,2%</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">% Kadar protein
kelompok 6 = (40,4476-36,6286 )/5,0880 × 100% = 75,06%</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Anonim. 2006.
Mengenal Jenis Biskuit. www.ebookpangan.com [28 Maret 2010].</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Anonim. 2010.
Biskuit. www.wikipedia.org [28 Maret 2010].</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Anonim. 2010.
Lemak. www.wikipedia.org [28 Maret 2010].</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Darmasih. 1997.
Prinsip Soxhlet. peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/user/ptek97-24.pdf. [28 Maret
2010]</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Harper, V. W
Rodwell, P. A Mayes. 1979. Biokimia. Jakarta: Penerbit EGC.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Lucas, Howard J,
David Pressman. 1949. Principles and Practice In Organic Chemistry. New York:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Whitaker, M.C.
1915. The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Easton: Eschenbach
Printing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: </span><a href="http://resepcarapembuatanpengolahanhasilkue.blogspot.com/2010/11/penetapan-lemak-kasar-dan-komponen.html">http://resepcarapembuatanpengolahanhasilkue.blogspot.com/2010/11/penetapan-lemak-kasar-dan-komponen.html</a>
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gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-10308781918156208032012-09-10T03:25:00.003-07:002012-10-09T06:46:55.584-07:00Gula Reduksi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Gula Reduksi
Gula reduksi adalah gula yang dalam bentuk larutan alkali membentukaldehida atau keton. Gula reduksi dapat mereduksi ion logam karenamempunyai gugus aldehida atau keton yang dapat menarik kembali O2 dari logambasa, sehingga logam basa akan tereduksi dan mengendap sebagai Cu2O. Gulainvert termasuk golongan gula reduksi karena dapat mereduksi ion tembaga dalamlarutan alkali.Salah satu yang termasuk gula reduksi adalah gula invert. Gula invertdihasilkan dari hidrolisis sukrosa menghasilkan glukosa dan fruktosa. Sukrosabereaksi bersama asam dalam campuran air dengan bantuan enzim invertase.
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<b>Penentuan Kadar Gula
Penentuan Gula Reduksi Cara Munson-Walker
(Munson-Walker General Methode: AOAC, 1970) </b></div>
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Penentuan gula reduksi menurut cara Munson-Walker dipakai untuk penentuan glukosa, fruktosa, gula invert, laktosa monohidrat dalam bahan yang tidak mengandung sakarosa, juga dipakai untuk penentuan gula invert dan laktosa monohidrat dalam bahan yang mengandung sakarosa. Penentuan gula reduksi didasarkan atas banyaknya endapan Cu2O yang terbentuk dan dibandingkan dengan Tabel Hammond maka dapat diketahui jumlah gula reduksi. Jumlah Cu2O ditentukan secara gravimetric, yaitu menimbang langsung endapan Cu2O yang terbentuk atau secara volumetric, yaitu dengan titrasi menggunakan larutan Na-thiosulfat (Na2S2O3) atau K-permanganat (KMnO4).</div>
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1. Penyiapan larutan sample dan pembentukan endapan Cu2O </div>
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a. Timbang sample yang berupa bahan padat yang telah dihaluskan atau bahan cair sebanyak 2,5-25 g. banyaknya sample yang ditimbang tergantung dari kadar gula pada sample dan volume larutan sample maupun pengenceran yang akan dikerjakan pada tahap berikutnya </div>
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b. Pindahkan secara kuantitatif ke dalam labu takar yang volumenya ditentukan sedemikian sehingga setiap 50 mL larutan sample yang siap dianalisa membentuk 11,3-489,7 mg Cu2O yang setara dengan 4,6-236,9 mg glukosa (Tabel Hammond). </div>
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c. Tambahkan aquades sebanyak ½ – ¾ volume labu takar yang dipakai, gojog dan biarkan mengendap. </div>
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d. Tambahkan larutan Pb-asetat netral (Lampiran 1) tetes demi tetes. Pada penambahan larutan Pb-asetat ini larutan sample menjadi keruh (terbentuk gumpalan-gumpalan atau partikel-partikel berwarna putih). Setiap kali menambahkan Pb-asetat, larutan kemudian digojog dan biarkan dulu partikel-partikel yang ada mengendap. Kemudian teteskan lagi larutan Pb-asetat, apabila ternyata tidak menimbulkan pengeruhan lagi berarti penambahan Pb-asetat telah cukup. Hindarkan penambahan Pb-asetat yang terlalu berlebihan. Kemudian tambahkan aquades sampai tanda dan disaring. </div>
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e. Untuk menghilangkan kelebihan Pb yang digunakan, tambahkan sedikit demi sedikit kristal K- atau Na-oksalat sama seperti menambahkan Pb –asetat tersebut di atas sampai diperoleh filtrate bebas Pb. Filtrate bebas Pb apabila ditambah K- atau Na-oksalat tidak membentuk endapan putih (tetap jernih). </div>
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f. Ke dalam gelas piala 400 mL, tuangkan 25 mL larutan CuSO4 (lampiran 2) dan 25 mL larutan tartrat alkalis (Lampiran 3), kemudian tambahkan 50 mL filtrate bebas Pb. Tutuplah gelas piala dengan gelas arloji.
g. Taruhlah gelas piala pada kasa asbes dan panaskan di atas nyala api Bunsen atau alat pemanas listrik. Aturlah pemanasan sedemikian sehingga larutan harus sudah mendidih dalam waktu 4 menit, kemudian lanjutkan pemanasan tersebut selama 2 menit. Harap diperhatikan bahwa ketentuan lama pemanasan tersebut harus betul-betul ditepati. Oleh karena itu dianjurkan untuk mencoba terlebih dulu, yaitu dengan memanaskan 50 ml reagensia yang digunakan dan 50 mL aquades sehingga dapat diketahui cara mengatur alat pemanas yang bias memenuhi ketentuan di atas. </div>
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h. Dengan pemanasan tersebut akan terbentuk endapan Cu2O, kemudian masih dalam keadaan panas saringlah dengan menggunakan krus Gooch yang telah diberi lapisan asbes sebaagai bahan penyaring (Lampiran 4).</div>
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i. Buat penentuan blanko dengan cara yang sama menggunakan 25 mL larutan CuSO4, 25 mL larutan tartrat alkalis dan 50 mL aquades. </div>
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j. Cucilah endapan Cu2O dalam krus Gooch tersebut dengan aquades yang suhunya 60 °C sampai bersih. </div>
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2. Tentukan banyaknya Cu2O yang terbentuk dengan salah satu cara di bawah ini. </div>
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a. Penentuan Cu2O secara gravimetric
- Endapan Cu2O dalam kedua krus Gooch (sample maupun blanko) masing-masing dicuci dengan 10 mL alcohol, kemudian dengan 10 mL ether.
- Keringkan dalam oven bersuhu 100 °C selama 30 menit, dinginkan dalam desikator dan ditimbang
- Dari selisih antara berat Cu2O yang terdapat pada penentuan contoh dan blanko, berat gula reduksi dalam 50 mL larutan sample dapat dicari dengan menggunakan table Hommand. </div>
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b. Penentuan Cu2O secara volumetric dengan Natrium-thiosulfat
- Endapan Cu2O dalam kedua krus Gooch, masing-masing diperlakukan sebagai berikut.
- Siapkan Erlenmeyer 250 mL yang mempunyai tanda untuk volume dengan interval 20 mL (bila tidak ada dapat dibuat sendiri).
- Endapan dalam krus Gooch ditutup dengan gelas arloji. Kemudian tambahkan 5 mL larutan HNO3 (1+1) untuk melarutkan Cu2O. Penambahan dilakukan dengan pipet, gelas arloji (tutup) dibuka seperlunya saja ketika memasukkan ujung pipet tersebut.
- Tampung filtrate dengan Erlenmeyer tersebut diatas. Cucilah gelas arloji dan krus Gooch dengan 20-25 mL aquades.
- Didihkan sampai kabut berwarna merah habis, dan tambahkan larutan Brom jenuh (Br-H2O) sedikit berlebihan, didihkan sampai semua Brom habis.
- Dinginkan dan tambahkan larutan Na-asetat sebanyak 10 mL (574 g Na-asetat trihidrat/liter). Tambahkan larutan KI 42 % yang bereaksi agak basis seperlunya. Penting diperhatikan bahwa konsentrasi KI dalam larutan yang dianalisa harus dijaga tetap. Oleh karena itu penambahannya harus diperhitungkan. Apabila volume total larutan setelah dititrasi selesai diperkirakan mencapai 100 mL, maka ke dalam larutan tersebut harus sudah ditambahkan 4.2-5 g KI. Apabila ternyata setelah mencapi volume 100 mL titrasi belum juga selesai, tambahkan lagi larutan KI yang banyaknya proposional dengan bertambahnya volume. Untuk setiap penambahan 20 mL, ditambahkan 2-2,4 mL larutan KI 42 %. Penambahan dilakukan dengan biuret.
- Titrasi dengan larutan Na-thiosianat (39 g Na2S2O3.5 H2O/liter) sampai warna kuning muda. Tambahkan larutan pati (Lampiran 5) sampai terbentuk warna biru, lanjutkan titrasi. Pada saat titrasi hamper selesai, tambahkan 2 g KCNS, aduk hingga larut dan lanjutkan titrasi sampai seluruh endapan berwarna putih.
- Dari selisih antara titrasi sample dan blanko, berat Cu2O dapat dihitung.
1 mL larutan Na2S2O3 = 11,259 mg Cu2O
Berdasarkan berat Cu atau Cu2O, berat gula reduksi dalam 50 mL larutan sample dapat dicari dengan menggunakan Tabel Hammond. </div>
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<b>Sumber: </b></div>
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1. http://indradwijayanatphp.blogspot.com/2012/05/kadar-gula-munson-walker.html diunduh pada 14 September 2012, pukul 13.00 WIB </div>
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2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/78376396/15/Gula-Reduksi diunduh pada 14 September 2012, pukul 13.00 WIB </div>
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gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-55460779904299492612011-06-14T17:06:00.000-07:002011-06-14T17:06:48.739-07:00Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) atau dioda cahaya organik adalah sebuah semikonduktor sebagai pemancar cahaya yang terbuat dari lapisan organik. OLED digunakan dalam teknologi elektroluminensi, seperti pada aplikasi tampilan layar atau sensor. Teknologi ini terkenal fleksibel dengan ketipisannya yang mencapai kurang dari 1 mm.<br />
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<b>iPad 3 Menggunakan Layar OLED?</b><br />
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iPad 2 memang memiliki banyak pembaharuan dibagian dalam dibandingkan iPad generasi pertama, kecuali layarnya. iPad 2 masih menggunakan layar yang sama, dimana resolusinya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan iPhone 4s yang sudah menerapkan teknologi retina display. Akankah ada perubahan pada layar iPad 3 nantinya?<br />
Banyak rumor berkembang, bahwa Apple melalui staffnya Tim Cook telah mengunjungi Samsung di Korea Selatan untuk membicarakan penggunaan layar OLED untuk generasi tablet berikutnya. Tentu saja, penggunaan layar OLED sangat mahal apalagi untuk ukuran tablet 10 inci. Ini memungkinkan harga yang melonjak tinggi untuk iPad 3.<br />
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<b>Selain itu PSP2 juga pake OLED lho???</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ltXppbydd4RMR1JMbOX6US6Y0qHrCTCKqslRGb6ECzLAhSxWDb9DxRjIDFUX-ec32OrsAafxH7nIKZ7Tw6bFlz3tRVnCUnDy1clTjG9i1HH6kIL4G2PilXblCid_W65Bn6ttrRVHqJQ/s1600/psp-e1295951772228.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="212" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ltXppbydd4RMR1JMbOX6US6Y0qHrCTCKqslRGb6ECzLAhSxWDb9DxRjIDFUX-ec32OrsAafxH7nIKZ7Tw6bFlz3tRVnCUnDy1clTjG9i1HH6kIL4G2PilXblCid_W65Bn6ttrRVHqJQ/s320/psp-e1295951772228.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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Sony akan mengumumkan perangkat PlayStation Portable terbaru mereka yang disinyalir akan memiliki nama PSP2, menurut rumor yang keluar dari Jepang rencananya perangkat game konsol portabel ini akan hadir pada akhir bulan ini.<br />
rencananya perangkat tersebut akan memiliki layar OLED dimana layar ini memiliki spesifikasi yang lebih baik dari pada perangkat PSP sebelumnya dan akan hadir juga fungsi koneksi Internet melalui 3G yang dibutuhkan untuk mengakses Internet, mengunduh game dan bergabung dengan game-game multiplayer secara online, namun sejauh ini akses Internet untuk penggunaan game online tersebut masih terbatas untuk jaringan DoCoMo yang ada di Jepang, jadi sudah dipastikan bahwa perangkat ini akan hadir pertama kali untuk pasar Jepang. Namun hingga tulisan ini dibuat, berita mengenai penggunhaan jaringan DoCoMo ini masih sebatas rumor.<br />
Ini berarti bahwa perangkat PSP2 akan bersaing secara langsung dengan perangkat yang dibuat oleh perusahaan yang sama Sony Ericsson Xperia Play, namujn tentu kita semua tahu bahwa fungsi utama dari PSP2 adalah konsol game dan Xperia Play memiliki fungsi utama sebagai ponsel.<br />
Pasar konsol game sepertinya sedang kembali bergeliat karena belakangan Nintendo juga tengah menyiapkan konsol game portable baru yang ebrtajuk Nintendo 3DS yang kabarnya akan mulai dirilis kepasaran pada kuartal pertama tahun 2011. Selain memiliki fitur layar 3D tanpa menggunakan kacamata Nintendo juga akan menjejali perangkat konsol game tersebut dengan kamera, pemutar musik dan browser Internet.gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-24279506193370044792011-06-11T18:14:00.000-07:002011-06-11T18:20:01.116-07:00Cara Membuat Flag Counter di BlogCaranya :<br />
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7. Kalau sudah selesai, akan ada tulisan “Item Posted. Thank You”<br />
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8. Nah, sekarang pergi ke Dasbor >> Tulisan >> All Post<br />
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9. Cari artikel yang berjudul “(tanpa judul)” lalu klik SUNTING<br />
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10. Pilih menu HTML<br />
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11. Setelah muncul kode-kode, copy kode itu dan pastekan di TEXT AREA (ada di Dasbor>>Tampilan>>Widget) seret text ke sidebar.<br />
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12. Pastekan kodenya di bawah judul, dan klik SAVE<br />
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13. Selesai. Sekarang widget ini sudah ada di blogmu :) <br />
Selamat Mencobagani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-29023972070959719282011-06-09T18:05:00.001-07:002011-06-09T18:05:59.776-07:00Good LaboratoryGood Laboratory Practice<br />
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (October 2009)<br />
In the experimental (non-clinical) research arena, the phrase good laboratory practice or GLP specifically refers to a quality system of management controls for research laboratories and organizations to try to ensure the uniformity, consistency, reliability, reproducibility, quality, and integrity of chemical (including pharmaceuticals) safety and efficacy tests.<br />
GLP was instituted following cases of animal test fraud by pharmaceutical and industrial chemical (mainly pesticide) manufacturers. Industrial BioTest Labs (IBT) was the most notable case, where thousands of safety tests for chemical manufacturers were falsely claimed to have been performed or were so poor that police investigators could not piece together what work had been done...even though IBT superficially delivered the test results their contracts with the manufacturers specified. [1]<br />
The original GLP regulatory mandate was promulgated in 1978 by US-FDA (though they may have got it from the New Zealand medicines agency) and published in the Federal Register 43 FR 59985-60020. It was followed a few years later by US-EPA, and (as outlined in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP in 1992) the OECD has since help promulgate it to many countries, helping them place it into their national regulations.<br />
GLP applies to nonclinical studies conducted for the assessment of the safety or efficacy of chemicals (including pharmaceuticals) to man, animals and the environment. An internationally recognized definition of GLP can be found on the website for the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-UK which defines GLP as:<br />
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) embodies a set of principles that provides a framework within which laboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported and archived. These studies are undertaken to generate data by which the hazards and risks to users, consumers and third parties, including the environment, can be assessed for pharmaceuticals (only preclinical studies), agrochemicals, cosmetics, food additives, feed additives and contaminants, novel foods, biocides, detergents etc.... GLP helps assure regulatory authorities that the data submitted are a true reflection of the results obtained during the study and can therefore be relied upon when making risk/safety assessments.<br />
GLP, a data quality system, should not be confused with standards for laboratory safety - appropriate gloves, glasses & clothing to handle lab materials safely.gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-81077661181296700362011-06-08T16:59:00.001-07:002011-06-08T16:59:36.932-07:00coruptorAccord With Comptroller Will Help Attorney General Pursue Corruption Cases<br />
By NICHOLAS CONFESSORE<br />
Published: May 22, 2011 <br />
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Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman and Thomas P. DiNapoli, the state comptroller, have entered into an agreement that will grant Mr. Schneiderman powers to criminally prosecute corruption involving taxpayer money, significantly expanding the attorney general’s authority to pursue public integrity cases. <br />
Enlarge This Image<br />
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Katie Orlinsky for The New York Times<br />
Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, left, and Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman are collaborating on public integrity. <br />
Under the agreement, the comptroller and the attorney general will establish a joint task force on public integrity. Mr. Schneiderman’s prosecutors will work with Mr. DiNapoli’s investigators and auditors looking into legislative earmarks, state pensions and government contracts. <br />
But in a twist, Mr. DiNapoli has also agreed to employ a little-known provision of state law to refer any findings from joint investigations to Mr. Schneiderman for criminal prosecution. <br />
“We’ll coordinate our respective roles to uncover and prosecute government waste, fraud and abuse,” Mr. DiNapoli said in a statement. “This is a powerful message: New York’s two independently elected oversight officials are partnering together to ensure integrity and accountability to every level of government in New York State. <br />
The arrangement could make it easier for Mr. Schneiderman to investigate and root out certain kinds of public corruption than past attorneys general. And it comes as Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo is seeking more aggressive and independent enforcement of state ethics laws and broader disclosure of lawmakers’ outside employment. <br />
“It could be a very effective approach,” said Eric R. Dinallo, who headed the securities bureau in the attorney general’s office under Eliot Spitzer and was later superintendent of the State Insurance Department. “If you can’t get legislative relief around ethics issues in government and you’re trying to get jurisdiction, sometimes the law has all the jurisdiction you need — if you look at it in a creative way.” <br />
The agreement between Mr. Schneiderman and Mr. DiNapoli has significant limits: The attorney general will still lack standing to investigate allegations of criminal violations of election law, or to investigate the Legislature for offenses unrelated to the expenditure of state money, like a lawmaker’s failure to disclose outside income. Mr. Cuomo is hoping to increase scrutiny in some of those areas through a comprehensive ethics deal with the Legislature; failing that, he could appoint an investigative commission under the state Moreland Act, though such a commission would be unable to bring criminal prosecutions. <br />
But the new joint task force will give Mr. Schneiderman powerful legal tools to tackle a host of other problems that have sullied New York government in recent years: pension padding, no-show jobs, abuse of legislative earmarks, and fraud at the state’s secretive public authorities. <br />
“Expanding the attorney general’s power to prosecute public corruption will be a major element of our comprehensive approach,” Mr. Schneiderman said in a statement. <br />
Under the agreement, which was reached last week, Mr. Schneiderman subpoenaed a local development corporation in Monroe County and its prime contractor over a $224 million upgrade of the county’s emergency communications system. Some local Democratic officials have criticized the project, approved in 2009 by the Republican county executive and Republican-controlled County Legislature, alleging secrecy and potential conflicts of interest. <br />
Mr. Schneiderman’s subpoenas were accompanied by a notice from Mr. DiNapoli’s office, informing officials of an impending audit. <br />
Under state law, the attorney general cannot unilaterally investigate public officials for breaking campaign finance rules, violating ethics laws or even taking bribes. As a result, major investigations of New York officials in recent years have been conducted chiefly by district attorneys or federal prosecutors with jurisdiction over bribery, kickbacks, and other criminal forms of corruption. <br />
Attorneys general have been able to pursue some corruption cases. Mr. Cuomo, for example, investigated the state pension fund and Pedro Espada Jr., the former state senator from the Bronx, using laws that give the attorney general jurisdiction over securities fraud and charities. Mr. Cuomo sought legislation to expand the attorney general’s criminal powers to investigate other forms of political corruption but was rebuffed by the Legislature.gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-89345437944929710392011-06-08T16:49:00.000-07:002011-06-08T16:49:37.569-07:00KONSEP RETWEET DAN REPLY TWITTERKONSEP RETWEET DAN REPLY<br />
Twitter, sebagai salah satu microblog dan situs jejaring sosial baru, akhir-akhir ini menjadi cukup populer. Dari beberapa informasi yang berhasil saya kumpulkan, pengguna twitter di Indonesia menempati posisi lima besar teratas dari semua pengguna twitter di dunia. Sangat mengesankan bukan. Dari banyaknya pengguna twitter di indonesia ini, muncul sebuah komunikasi dua arah memanfaatkan twitter yang memungkinkan setiap pengguna twitter dapat merespons dan respons balik twitter pengguna yang lain.<br />
Banyak pengguna twitter yang masih bingung bagaimana cara merespons tweet temannya dengan baik dan tidak menimbulkan kebingungan yang akhirnya menimbulkan kesalah pahaman. Memang pihak Developer twitter menyisipkan fitur Reply untuk membalas tweet dari user lain. Meski sudah ada fitur tersebut, masih banyak pengguna twitter yang masih bertanya-tanya dan bingung, hal ini dikarenakan fitur reply pada twitter tidak jelas untuk reply twit yang mana.<br />
Bayak pengguna twitter yang salah kaprah menafsirkan fungsi Retweet ini. Fitur ReTweet yang ada di twitter sesungguhnya difungsikan untuk me-Tweet ulang tweet teman kita sehingga followers kita yang tidak follow teman kita tersebut dapat membaca tweet teman kita tersebut. Namun saking kreatif dan inovatifnya teman-teman pemakai twitter, akhirnya mereka memanfaatkan fungsi RT ini untuk membalas tweet pengguna twitter yang lain, hanya saja mereka perlu melakukan sedikit modifikasi atau edit ReTweet sebelum me-Tweet jawaban tersebut. Dan Edit ReTweet ini hanya bisa dilakukan di luar site utama twitter, entah itu Twitter For Web atau Mobile Twitter yaitu dengan memanfaatkan site pihak ke-3 yang menyediakan layanan Twitter Client seperti, dabr, tweete, ubertwitter, dll.<br />
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Memanfaatkan fitur ReTweet untuk membalas Tweet teman kita memang tidak salah dan merupakan hal yang sah-sah saja, tetapi alangkah baiknya jika kita melakukannya sesuai dengan fungsi yang ada. Dan terkadang ada beberapa Tweepes (pengguna twitter) yang risih dengan RT yang berulangkali dan bertumpuk-tumpuk (lihat gambar di atas), dan ada juga yang bilang aktifitas seperti ini penuh-penuhin Timeline. Nah lantas bagaiamana cara balas tweet yang bener dan tidak membuat pengguna twitter yang lain merasa risih?<br />
Berdasarkan pengalaman dan apa yang saya liat dari teman-teman yang nge-Tweet, ada cukup banyak cara yang bisa digunakan untuk membalas tweet teman kita tanpa membuat teman kita risih. caranya adalah dengan melakukan reply langsung dan menambahkan re : twit mana yang di reply. Contoh variasinya adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
1. Reply dengan nama tweet teman di depan disusul tweet mana yang kita reply. Syntaxnya : @namaTwitTeman<spasi>Jawaban atas twit teman kita<spasi>re :<spasi>tweet yang direply. Untuk tweet yang direply usahakan jangan di tulis semua, ambil fokusnya saja biar tidak terlalu menghabiskan character kita. Contohnya liat gambar di bawah ini.<br />
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2. Reply dengan jawaban di depan kemudian diikuti tweet mana yang kita reply. Syntaxnya : Jawaban tweetnya<spasi>@namaTwitteman<spasi>re :<spasi>tweet yang direply. Hampir sama dengan yang pertama, usahakan tweet yang direply jangan di tulis semua, ambil fokusnya saja. Contohnya lihat gambar di bawah ini. <br />
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Untuk melakukan reply ini tidak ada fitur khusus atau otomatis, kita melakukan modifikasi dan edit manual. Dan saya rasa tidak ada kesulitan berarti untuk melakukan hal ini.<br />
Nah mudah bukan?? Apa yang saya tulis di postingan kali ini bukanlah pakem atau standar yang harus dipatuhi untuk nge-Tweet, melainkan hanyalah sebuah tulisan berbagi ilmu bagaimana membuat reply tweet yang baik dan tidak membuat risih orang lain. Jika anda masih suka dengan cara RT dan RT yang bertumpuk-tumpuk ya silahkan itu hak anda. Kalo saya lebih suka reply dengan 2 cara di atas.<br />
By: http://frenavit.com/konsep-retweet-dan-reply-di-twitter.htmlgani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-91165992015346400532011-06-08T00:45:00.001-07:002011-06-08T00:45:47.016-07:00my profilhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQ45tHv31By7EMrXUoPZCZADOVayQ7NJgf0mK3-0o_Sl3AXngVaF7VTESIbDwvDkyUAlVe8cG-ug4QkwiQwCD_pmPCrIYyweVeDHq9MVWvgfWb2lHM11AKcctifM6h9k7jYCYI6SLzm4/s288/93.gifgani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-17951511158793670442011-06-07T18:09:00.001-07:002011-06-07T18:09:39.384-07:00Skin PunctureSkin Puncture Collection Of Plasma, Serum, & Whole Blood<br />
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Purpose:Procedure for the collection of blood by skin puncture technique<br />
Materials:<br />
The following equipment should be in order before proceeding with the skin puncture procedure:<br />
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1. Blood Drawing Site:<br />
1. For Finger Stick Procedures: The drawing area should be wide enough for the patient's arm to rest comfortably. A chair with a wide, flat, clean surface on the arms will suffice or the patient may be lying in bed.<br />
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2. For inpatient Pediatric patients, the Pediatric treatment room should be used whenever possible. <br />
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2. Puncture Equipment: Spring-loaded lancets (Microtainer) are available in regular point (blue color) or medium point (yellow color). Blue lancets penetrate 2.4 mm and are used for finger sticks while yellow lancets penetrate 3.2 mm and are used for heel sticks. Also available are 3 sizes of Tenderfoot (used for finger sticks). These range in penetration depth from 0.85 mm (PINK/WHITE), 1.25 mm (BLUE/WHITE), to 1.75mm (RED/WHITE). There are also three sizes of Tenderfoot (heel sticks). These range in penetration depth from 0.85 mm (WHITE), 1.0 mm (BLUE/PINK), to 2.0 mm tissue damage than the spring-loaded lancets. See Pediatric "Special Considerations" for further explanation of these skin puncture devices.<br />
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3. Gauze: Non-sterile 2x2 inch gauze squares may be used for finger sticks or heel sticks.<br />
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4. Blood Collection Devices: Microtainers are available in 5 types:<br />
1. Pick-top microtainers which contain no additives for blood bank procedures or for procedures not requiring the serum separator gel.<br />
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2. Red-top microtainers containing a small amount of serum separator gel for producing serum.<br />
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3. Purple-top microtainers containing EDTA anticoagulant for use in hematology procedures.<br />
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4. Green-top microtainer containing heparin and separator gel for use in chemistry procedures.<br />
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5. Gray-top microtainer containing Na fluoride/K oxalate for use in specific chemistry procedures.<br />
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6. Microhematocrit capillary tubes are used for collecting blood for the microhematocrit test. These are self-sealing. Natelson capillary tubes may be used for collecting blood directly from a heel stick. The tube can then be emptied into the appropriate microtubes, if required. <br />
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5. Gloves: Latex & non-Latex are available in various sizes and may be powdered or be powder free.<br />
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6. Antiseptics: Individually packaged 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes may be used to clean the puncture site for most specimens. Povidone-iodine swabs may also be used.<br />
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7. Large Test Tube: It may be impractical to label individual microtainers or capillary tubes. Instead, place the sealed or capped tubes in a single large test tube and label the test tube with the computer specimen label and the microtainers with the aliquot labels. If only adhesive labels available, label the specimen instead of the test tube.<br />
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8. Adhesive Labels: 1.0x2.5 inch adhesive labels and a permanent marking pet should be available for labeling the specimens. One may also use an addressograph label with name and medical record number.<br />
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9. Warm Washcloth: A clean, warm, wet washcloth may be used to warm the skin puncture site. It should be 42° C., or 108 degrees F., with additional warm water.<br />
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10. Chucks: A clean chucks should be available for heel sticks to protect the person holding the baby from dripping blood.<br />
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11. Sharps Disposal Container: An OSHA acceptable puncture-proof red container marked "Biohazardous" for disposing of lancet or partially filled capillary tubes.<br />
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12. Disinfectant: A plastic wash bottle with ASCEND germicidal solution should be available for cleaning up small blood spills. <br />
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Specimen Collection Procedure<br />
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Routine Skin Puncture Procedure<br />
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1. Assemble necessary equipment described in the Materials and Equipment section of this procedure.<br />
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2. Wash hands and put on gloves.<br />
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3. Identify patient.<br />
1. Inpatient - the patient's name and Medical Record Number on their ID bracelet much match the requisition or the computer label.<br />
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2. Outpatient - we make initial ID by calling patient's name. This must be verified by asking or confirming with a parent or guardian the birth date of the patient. <br />
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4. Select the appropriate Microtainers for the specimens to be collected. Any Microtainers containing additives should be tapped to dislodge additives from the walls and stopper.<br />
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5. Position the patient.<br />
1. For Finger Sticks: The patient should be seated with his or her non-dominant arm resting comfortably on the blood-drawing chair arm support or on the bed.<br />
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2. For Heel Sticks: The baby should be held by another adult if possible. Remove the baby's clothes and blanket so they will not interfere. A protective barrier should be placed under the baby. Protect the person holding the baby from possible blood contamination. If there is no one available to assist, position the baby either on their back or stomach in the center of the examination table.<br />
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NOTE: for infants up to the age of 6 months, the heel is usually the site of choice as the fingers of infants are too small for the trauma of a skin puncture. <br />
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6. Select the puncture site.<br />
1. For Finger Sticks: For children and adults, use the 3rd or 4th finger of the non-dominant hand. The outer and upper region of the fingertip, halfway between the center of the fingerpad and the edge of the fingernail, is the site of choice. SEE DIAGRAM #3. One may refer to "Special Consideration" section on use of the Tenderlett<br />
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2. For Heel Sticks: Avoid previous heel stick sites. The site should be on the plantar surface of the heel, beyond the lateral and medial limits of the calcareous (heel bone). The heel bone is very close to the surface of the skin at the back of the heel, and could be damaged by a puncture in this area. The puncture should NEVER be performed on the central area of the infant's foot (area of the arch). SEE DIAGRAM #4. One may refer to "Special Considerations" section on use of the Tenderfoot. <br />
<br />
<br />
7. Reassure the patient, if possible, by explaining the procedure.<br />
<br />
8. Warm the puncture site, if necessary. Use a warm, wet washcloth or chucks to warm the puncture site for at least 3 minutes. Warming the site to 42 C can increase blood flow up to sevenfold.<br />
<br />
9. Cleanse the puncture site. Use the alcohol or povidone-iodine prep to wipe the area vigorously. Allow the area to air dry or dry the skin with 2x2 gauze before the continuing. If the side is not dry, the blood will spread over the area making it difficult to collect and there is the possibility of contamination from the cleansing agent.<br />
<br />
10. Open the puncture device packaging, being careful not to contaminate the side with the cutting device.<br />
<br />
11. Perform the skin puncture.<br />
For Finger Sticks:<br />
<br />
1. Exert pressure on the finger tip by holding it with your index finger and thumb. Pressure should be directed upward.<br />
<br />
2. Use the device to make a quick puncture into the site selected. Release it according to manufacturer's instructions.<br />
<br />
3. Release the finger and wait for the first drip of blood to form.<br />
<br />
4. Wipe away the first drop of blood. Avoid excessive squeezing or "milking" as tissue fluids will interfere with testing.<br />
<br />
5. Collection of Lavender microtainer should be drawn first, with other types of microtainers following. Wipe puncture site between microtainer collection to prevent cross contamination and ensure further bleeding.<br />
1. (Sartstdt) Lavender microtainers<br />
1. Be sure vent on the collection top is facing upwards.<br />
<br />
2. Place collection top at 45 degree angle to the drop of blood. Blood will flow by capillary action down the top and into the tube. Do not shake the tube as the capillary action may be lost. Fill the microtainer between the 250- and 500 ul mark. Remove collection top and replace cap. Mix gently 5-7 times. <br />
2. "Scoop" type microtainers<br />
1. Touch the top of the collector to the under surface of the drop and channel blood flow in groove of collector. Blood will flow freely through the collector and down the tube wall. When collection is complete, replace the collector with appropriate cap.<br />
<br />
2. Always try to avoid "scooping" along the skin. This method will pick up micro clots that may interfere with testing. <br />
6. Apply pressure to stop the bleeding. <br />
For Heel Sticks:<br />
1. Grasp the foot firmly and puncture the selected site.<br />
<br />
2. Release the foot and allow the first drips of blood to form.<br />
<br />
3. Wipe away the first drop of blood and avoid excessive squeezing.<br />
<br />
4. Hold the foot firmly and collect the blood. The same steps can be following as in steps e and f of the finger stick procedure.<br />
<br />
5. Release the foot and allow the baby to kick from time to time as this will increase the blood flow.<br />
<br />
6. Wipe the site between specimen collections.<br />
<br />
7. When specimen collection is complete, hold gauze on the puncture site and apply mile pressure. Hold it until the bleeding stops. Do not apply tape. <br />
<br />
<br />
12. Dispose of the puncture device in the biohazardous sharps container.<br />
<br />
13. Seal or cap the tubes.<br />
<br />
14. Confirm that the patient is all right. Confirm the bleeding has stopped and the patient feels or looks normal. <br />
<br />
Special Circumstances<br />
<br />
Excessive Bleeding:<br />
<br />
1. Apply direct pressure to the puncture site while bleeding continues.<br />
<br />
2. If the bleeding persists more than 5 minutes, call the physician. <br />
<br />
Handling Considerations<br />
<br />
Universal Precautions apply to all specimens of blood, serum, plasma, blood products, vaginal secretions, semen, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, and concentrated HIV or HBV viruses. Any specimen of any type which contains visible traces of blood should be handled using Universal Precautions.<br />
<br />
Capillary blood samples should be processed as soon as possible after being drawn. Follow the instructions outlined in the venipuncture procedure for preparing serum, plasma, or whole blood. The following general precautions for capillary specimens should be observed:<br />
<br />
1. Keep Specimen tubes capped. This should be done for safety reasons as well as specimen preservation.<br />
<br />
2. Avoid specimen agitation. Hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells) will occur when the specimen is agitated. A certain amount of hemolysis is unavoidable, but it would be minimal. Badly hemolyzed specimens are unacceptable for most chemistry and hematology procedures. Avoid shaking the specimen and always use gently inversion to mix specimens. Always handle specimens with care.<br />
<br />
3. Adhere to specimen time constraints. Timing is critical in most chemistry and hematology procedures. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for minimum and maximum times which specimens may be left in the tube. The time constraints on capillary specimens are more stringent then those on venous samples obtained by venipuncture.<br />
<br />
4. Refrigerate specimens not tested immediately. Anticoagulated capillary specimens should be stored at 2-8 degrees C. if they will be not bested within 4 hours. Heat may cause hemolysis.gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-58472284461380901632011-06-07T17:58:00.001-07:002011-06-07T17:58:55.007-07:00PENETAPAN KADAR ASAM SALISILAT DALAM BEDAK TABUR SECARA ALKALIMETRINama : Gani Septa Anggara<br />
NIM : A101.14.019<br />
<br />
PENETAPAN KADAR ASAM SALISILAT DALAM BEDAK TABUR SECARA ALKALIMETRI<br />
Definisi<br />
Alkalimetri (Alkali = Basa atau metri = pengukuran) diartikan sebagai titrasi untuk penetapan asam dengan larutan standar basa sebagai alat ukurnya. (Suharno, 1989)<br />
Alkalimetri termasuk reaksi netralisasi yaitu antara ion hidrogen yang berasal dari asam dengan ion hidroksida yang berasal dari basa untuk menghasilkan air yang bersifat netral. Netralisasi dapat juga dikatakan sebagai reaksi antara donor proton (asam) dengan penerima proton (basa). Alkalimetri adalah penetapan adar senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat asam dengan menggunakan baku basa. (Mursyidi dan Rohman, 2006)<br />
<br />
Prosedur Kerja Penetapan Kadar Asam Salisilat Secara Alkalimetri<br />
Timbang seksama 3gram, larutkan dalam 15ml Etanol (95%)P hangat yang telah dinetralkan terhadap larutan merah fenol P tambahkan 20ml air. Titrasi dengan Natrium Hidroksida 0,5N menggunakan indikator larutan merah fenol P.<br />
<br />
1ml Natrium Hidroksida 0,5N setara dengan 69,06mg C7H6O3<br />
(Farmakope Ed.III, 1979)<br />
<br />
Cara Kerja Sampel<br />
Prosedur Standarisasi NaOH<br />
Dipipet 10ml larutan H2C2O4.2H2O dimasukkan kedalam erlenmayer<br />
Ditambahkan 2 tetes indikator PP1%<br />
Dititrasi dengan larutan NaOH standar dari tidak berwarna menjadi warna merah muda<br />
Cara Kerja Sampel<br />
Uji Kualitatif<br />
Reaksi Warna<br />
Sejumlah zat dalam Etanol 95%, tambah dengan larutan besi (III) klorida dalam Etanol 90% akan memberikan warna violet<br />
Reaksi Asam-Basa<br />
Sejumlah larutan asam Salisilat, ditambah dengan beberapa tetes larutan merah metil, hingga terjadi reaksi asam dan membentuk warna merah.<br />
Pembentukan Ester<br />
Sejumlah asam salisilat ditambah beberapa tetes asam sulfat pekat dalam metanol kemudian panaskan akan tercium bau metil salisilat (bau gondopuro)<br />
Uji Kuantitatif<br />
Titrasi Asam Basa<br />
Timbang seksama 10gram sampel, tambahkan 20ml Akohol netral 95% dalam gelas ukur dan ditetesi indikator PP1% ±15 tetes. Tambahkan aquadest 40ml dan 0,5ml indikator PP1%. Titrasi dengan larutan NaOH standar sampai terbentuk warna merah muda.<br />
<br />
Reaksi Kimia<br />
Reaksi antara Asam Salisilat dengan Natrium Hidroksida<br />
<br />
COOH COONa<br />
<br />
OH + NaOH OH + H2O<br />
<br />
Reaksi antara Asam Oksalat dengan Natrium Hidroksida<br />
<br />
H2C2O4 + 2NaOH Na2C2O4 + 2H2O<br />
<br />
Perhitungan Kadar<br />
Penentuan Kadar Asam Salisilat<br />
1ml Natrium Hidroksida 0,1N setara dengan 13,812mg C7H6O3<br />
Kadar Asam Salisilat =(N titran x Vtitran x 13,812)/(0,1 x berat sampel) x 100%<br />
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br />
<br />
Suharno. 1989. Ilmu Kimia Analitik. Surabaya: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia<br />
Mursyidi, A., dan Rohman, A. 2006. Pengantar Kimia Farmasi Analisis Volumetri dan Gravimetri. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Farmasi Indonesia bekerjasama Pustaka Pelajar (69-76)<br />
Tim Penyusun Farmakope. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (hal 57)<br />
Purwaningrum, Ratna Chandra. 2008. KTI Penetapan Kadar Asam Salisilat Dalam Bedak Tabur Secara Alkalimetri. Surakarta: Akademi Farmasi Nasional Surakartagani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-13911448112980062302011-06-07T17:57:00.001-07:002011-06-07T17:57:14.347-07:00PERADANGAN DAN SHOCKPERADANGAN<br />
<br />
A. Definisi<br />
Radang (bahasa Inggris: inflammation) adalah respon dari suatu organisme terhadap patogen dan alterasi mekanis dalam jaringan, berupa rangkaian reaksi yang terjadi pada tempat jaringan yang mengalami cedera, seperti karena terbakar, atau terinfeksi. Radang atau inflamasi adalah satu dari respon utama sistem kekebalan terhadap infeksi dan iritasi. Inflamasi distimulasi oleh faktor kimia (histamin, bradikinin, serotonin, leukotrien, dan prostaglandin) yang dilepaskan oleh sel yang berperan sebagai mediator radang di dalam sistem kekebalan untuk melindungi jaringan sekitar dari penyebaran infeksi.<br />
Radang mempunyai peran penting dalam perlawanan terhadap infeksi:<br />
• memungkinkan penambahan molekul dan sel efektor ke lokasi infeksi untuk meningkatkan performa makrofaga,<br />
• menyediakan rintangan untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi,<br />
• mencetuskan proses perbaikan untuk jaringan yang rusak.<br />
<br />
B. Gejala Peradangan<br />
Panas dalam bisa jadi gejala awal peradangan serius. Penyebabnya bisa bakteri ataupunvirus. Peradangan ialah cara paling dasar dan paling alami dilakukan tubuh manusia sebagai reaksi terhadap infeksi, iritasi dan luka-luka tubuh lain. Tampilan utama dari peradangan biasanya berupa bagian tubuh yang kemerahan, terasa peningkatan temperature pada beberapa bagian tubuh, pembengkakan dan munculnya rasa nyeri. Peradangan termasuk juga jenis respons kekebalan nonspesifik. Peradagangan merupakan proses saat sel darah putih bersama-sama dengan bahan-bahan kimiawi dalam tubuh melindungi tubuh dari infeksi dan substansi-substansi asing, seperti bakteri dan virus. Pada beberapa kasus, system kekebalan tubuh memancing respons berupa peradangan, padahal tidak ada substansi asing yang harus dilawan.Pada kasus seperti itu, sistem perlindungan tubuh justru bisa mengakibatkan kerusakan pada jaringannya sendiri. Saat peradangan terjadi, bahan-bahan kimiawi dilepaskan dari sel darah putih menuju jaringan darah atau jaringan tubuh yang dimasuki substansi asing. Pelepasan bahan kimiawi tersebut akan mengakibatkan peningkatan volume aliran darah menuju bagian yang dimasuki sustansi asing itu. Hal itu bisa menyebabkan kemerahan dan peningkatan temperatur di darah tersebut. Beberapa zat kimia bahkan bisa bocor hingga memenuhi jaringan yang dimasuki zat asing, kemudian membengkak. Proses peradangan juga dapat merangsang syaraf perasa sakit sehingga menimbulkan rasa nyeri.<br />
Beberapa gejala peradangan biasanya ditandai timbulnya kemerahan pada bagian tubuh tertentu, peningkatan suhu, nyeri persendian atau rasa kaku pada sendi.Selain itu, peradangan meliputi beberapa gejala yang mirip flu biasa, seperti demam, kedinginan, rasa lelah, kekurangan tenaga, pusing-pusing, kehilangan selera makan dan otot kaku.<br />
<br />
C. Tanda-Tanda Peradangan<br />
Gambaran makroskopik peradangan sudah diuraikan 2000 tahun yang lampau. Tanda-tanda radang ini oleh Celsus, seorang sarjana Roma yang hidup pada abad pertama sesudah Masehi, sudah dikenal dan disebut tanda-tanda radang utama. Tanda-tanda radang ini masih digunakan hingga saat ini. Tanda-tanda radang mencakup:<br />
• rubor (kemerahan)<br />
• kalor (panas)<br />
• dolor (rasa sakit)<br />
• tumor (pembengkakan)<br />
• functio laesa (perubahan fungsi) <br />
(Abrams, 1995; Rukmono, 1973; Mitchell & Cotran, 2003).<br />
Umumnya, rubor atau kemerahan merupakan hal pertama yang terlihat di daerah yang mengalami peradangan. Saat reaksi peradangan timbul, terjadi pelebaran arteriola yang mensuplai darah ke daerah peradangan. Sehingga lebih banyak darah mengalir ke mikrosirkulasi lokal dan kapiler meregang dengan cepat terisi penuh dengan darah. Keadaan ini disebut hiperemia atau kongesti, menyebabkan warna merah lokal karena peradangan akut (Abrams, 1995; Rukmono, 1973).<br />
Kalor terjadi bersamaan dengan kemerahan dari reaksi peradangan akut. Kalor disebabkan pula oleh sirkulasi darah yang meningkat. Sebab darah yang memiliki suhu 37oC disalurkan ke permukaan tubuh yang mengalami radang lebih banyak daripada ke daerah normal (Abrams, 1995; Rukmono, 1973).<br />
Perubahan pH lokal atau konsentrasi lokal ion-ion tertentu dapat merangsang ujung-ujung saraf. Pengeluaran zat seperti histamin atau zat bioaktif lainnya dapat merangsang saraf. Rasa sakit disebabkan pula oleh tekanan yang meninggi akibat pembengkakan jaringan yang meradang (Abrams, 1995; Rukmono, 1973).<br />
Pembengkakan sebagian disebabkan hiperemi dan sebagian besar ditimbulkan oleh pengiriman cairan dan sel-sel dari sirkulasi darah ke jaringan-jaringan interstitial. Campuran dari cairan dan sel yang tertimbun di daerah peradangan disebut eksudat meradang (Abrams, 1995; Rukmono, 1973).<br />
Berdasarkan asal katanya, functio laesa adalah fungsi yang hilang (Dorland, 2002). Functio laesa merupakan reaksi peradangan yang telah dikenal. Akan tetapi belum diketahui secara mendalam mekanisme terganggunya fungsi jaringan yang meradang (Abrams, 1995).<br />
<br />
D. Mekanisme Radang<br />
• Fase inflmasi atu fase lag<br />
Berlangsung sampai hari ke lima,akibat luka terjadi pendarahan.ikut keluar trombosit dan sel radang. Trombosit mengeluarkan prostaglandin,tromboksanan bahan kimia tertentu dan asam amino ertentu yang mempengaruhi pembekuan darahmengetur tonus dinding pebuluh darah dan kemotaksis terhadap leukosit.<br />
Tejadi faso konstriksi dan proses penghentian pendarahan.sel radan gkeluar dari pembulau darah secara diapedesisdan menuju daerah luka secarakemotaksis. Sel mast mengeluarkan serotonin dan histmin yang meninngikan permeabilitas sel,terjadi eksudasi cairan edema.<br />
Pertauatan pada fase ini hanya oleh fibrin,belum ada kekuatan pertautan lukasehingga disebut fase tertinggal atau fase lag.<br />
<br />
• Fase proliferasi atau fibroplasi<br />
Berlangsung dari hari keenam sampai dengan tiga minggu. Terjadiproses prolifrasi da pembentukan fibrobalast yang berasal dari sel-sel mesenkim. Fibroblas menghasilkan mukopolisakaridadan serat kolagen yang erdiri dari asam-asam amino glisin,prolin,dan hidroksi prolin.mukopolisakarida mengatur deposisi serat-seratkolagen yang akan mempertaukan tepi luka. Pada fase ini luka diisi oleh sel-sel radang fibroblast dan serat-serat kolagen,kapiler-kapiler baru membentuk jaringan kemerahan dengan permukaan yang tidak rata disebut jaringan granulasi<br />
.<br />
• Fase remodeling atau fase reorpsi<br />
Dapat berlangsung berbulan-bulandan berakhir bila tanda radang sudah hilang.parut dan sekitarnya berwarna pucat,tipis,lemas,tak ada rasa sakt maupun gatal.<br />
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SHOCK<br />
<br />
A. Definisi<br />
Shock ialah suatu keadaan yang disebabkan oleh defesiensi sirkulasi akibat disparitas (ketidak seimbangan) antara volume derah dengan ruang susunan vaskuler. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya ketidakseimbangan ini ialah:<br />
a) faktor yang meyebabkan bertambahnya kapasitas ruang susunan vaskuler<br />
b) faktor yang nenyebabkan bcrkurangnya volume darah.<br />
Shock sebenarnya suatu keadaan yang terdiri atas kupulan gcjala, jadi suatu sindrom, dan depat bersifat primer atau sekunder (true strock).<br />
Shock Primer<br />
Pada shock primer tcrjadi defisiensi sirkulasi akibat ruang vaskuler membesar karena vasodiletesi yang asalnya neurogen.<br />
Ruang vaskulcr yang membesar mengakibatkan daerah seolah-olah diterik dari sirkulasi umum,dan segera masuk ke dadalam kapiler dan venule alat-alat dalam (viscera).<br />
Peristiwa ini sering terjadi pada orang yang mengalami kecelakaan keras, rasa sangat nyeri atau rangsang yang berasal dari jaringan yang rusak. Juga dapat disebabkan rasa nyeri yang sangat keras pada beberapa penyakit tertentu seperti radang akut pankreas, hernia incarcalita , atau oleh reaksi-reaksi emosi seperti keadaan takut yang mendadak, kesusahan yang sangat, karena melihat keadaan yang mengerikan seperti pada orang yang tidak biasa melihat daerah banyak akibat luka bcsar. Penderita menjadi sangat pucat, pingsan, sangat lemah. denyut nadi kesil dan cepat, disertai tekanan dareh yang rendah. Biasanya shock hanya sebentar saja, kecuali apabila terdapat trauma yang keras, perdarahan; dalam hal ini akan terjad shock sekunder.<br />
Shock Sekunder<br />
Pada shock sekundcr terjadi gangguan cairan yang menyebabkan defisiensi sirkulasi perifer disertai jumlah volue darah yang mcnurun, aliran darah yang bcrkurang, hemokonsentrasi dan fungsi ginjal yang terganggu. Sirkulasi yang bcrkurang tidak tcrjajidi segera setelah terkena kerusakan, tetapi baru beberapa waktu sesudahnya; olch karcna itu disebut shock sckunder atau delayed shock.<br />
<br />
B. Gejala Shock<br />
Gejala-gejalanya terjadinya shock ialah:<br />
• rasa lesu dan lemas kulit yang basah<br />
• kolaps vena terutama vena-vena superficial<br />
• pernapasan dangkal<br />
• nadi cepat dan lemah<br />
• tekanan darah rendah<br />
• oliguria dan kadang-kadang disertai muntah-muntah yang berwarna seperti air kopi akibat perdarahan dalam lambung (hematemesis).<br />
Apabila keadaan terus progresif, maka penderita menjadi apatik, kemudian stupor, koma dan akhirnya dapat meninggal.<br />
C. Mekanisme Shock<br />
Mekanisme terjadinya shock, terjadi dalam 3 tahap:<br />
1. Tahap nonprogresif<br />
Mekanisme neurohormonal membantu mempertahankan curah jantung dan tekanan darah. Meliputi refleks baroreseptor, pelepasan katekolamin, aktivasi poros rennin-angiotensin, pelepasan hormonan antidiuretik dan perangsangan simpatis umum. Efek akhirnya adalah takikardi, vasokontriksi perifer dan pemeliharaan cairan ginjal. Pembuluh darah jantung dan otak kurang sensitive terhadap respon simpatis tersebut sehingga akan mempertahankan diameter pembuluh darah, aliran darah dan pengiriman oksigen yang relative normal ke setiap organ vitalnya.<br />
2. Tahap progresif<br />
Jika penyebab shock yang mendasar tidak diperbaiki, shock secara tidak terduga akan berlanjut ke tahap progresif. Pada keadaan kekurangan oksigen yang menetap, respirasi aerobic intrasel digantikan oleh glikolisis anaerobik disertai dengan produksi asam laktat yang berlebihan. Asidosis laktat metabolic yang diakibatkannnya menurunkan pH jaringan dan menumpulkan respon vasomotor, arteriol berdilatasi dan darah mulai mengumpul dalam mikrosirulasi. Pegumpulan perifer tersebut tidak hanya akan memperburuk curah jantung, tetapi sel endotel juga berisiko mengalami cedera anoksia yang selanjutnya disertai DIC. Dengan hipoksia jaringan yang meluas, organ vital akan terserang dan mulai mengalami kegagalan. Secara klinis penderita mengalami kebingungan dan pengeluaran urine menurun.<br />
3. Tahap irreversible <br />
Jika tidak dilakukan intervensi, proses tersebut akhirnya memasuki tahap irreversible. Jejas sel yang meluas tercermin oleh adanya kebocoran enzim lisososm, yang semakin memperberat keadaan syok. Fungsi kontraksi miokard akan memburuk yang sebagiannya disebabkan oleh sintesis nitrit oksida. Pada tahap ini, klien mempunyai ginjal yang sama sekali tidak berfungsi akibat nekrosis tubular akut dan meskipun dilakukan upaya yang hebat, kemunduran klinis yang terus terjadi hamper secara pasti menimbulkan kematian<br />
<br />
<br />
D. Macam-Macam Shock<br />
• Shock hipovolemik (disebabkan kurangnya volume darah intravaskular)<br />
Selama shock hipovolemik mengakibatkan aliran balik vena ke jantung menurun sehingga pengisian ventrikel menurun dan mengakibatkan stroke<br />
• Shock kardiogenik (disebabkan kegagalan jantung untuk memompakan darah)<br />
Kegagalan jantung mengakibatkan ketidakmampuan memepertahankan CO dan perfusi ke jaringan<br />
• Shock sepsis (disebabkan produksi toksin menjadi infeksi)<br />
Shock sepsis disebabkan efek toksin yang diproduksi agen infeksius<br />
• Shock neurogenik (disebabkan perubahan perubahan tegangan vaskuler)<br />
ketidakseimbangan stimulasi saraf simpatis dan saraf parasimpatis pada otot pembuluh darah<br />
• Shock anaphylactic (disebabkan reaksi imunologik)<br />
Shock anaphylactic terjadi karena reaksi hypersensitif; perubahan fisiologi terjadi akibat seseorang kontak dengan allergen<br />
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br />
<br />
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radang diunduh tanggal 03 Juni 2011<br />
http://w4h48.multiply.com/reviews/item/6 diunduh tanggal 03 Juni 2011 <br />
http://satkes-alfah.blogspot.com/2010/06/mekanisme-terjadinya-shock.html diunduh tanggal 03 Juni 2011gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-76665135860724459132011-05-21T04:50:00.001-07:002011-05-21T04:50:28.258-07:00endocrine hormoneSISTEM ENDOKRIN<br />
<br />
Nama : Gani Septa Anggara Mata Kuliah : Fisiologi Manusia<br />
NIM : A101.14.019 Dosen : dr. Suwarni<br />
Kelas : 1A1<br />
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NO. HIPOTALAMUS HIPOFISE KELENJAR HORMON FUNGSI KETERANGAN<br />
1. TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormon) • TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormon)<br />
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• Prolaktin Tiroid<br />
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Kelenjar susu • Yodium • Perkembangan fetus<br />
• Konsumsi oksigen dan produksi panas<br />
• Kardiovaskuler, simpatetik dan pulmo<br />
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Merangsang awal produksi susu Pelepasan tiroid dirangsang oleh TSH. Tiroid membutuhkan yodium untuk menghasilkan T3 dan T4.<br />
Sehingga sekresi TRH dipengaruhi oleh kadar T3 dan T4. Sedangkan produksi sekresi utamanya adalah T4. <br />
• T3 mempunyai iktan besar dengan Albumine.<br />
• T4 mempunyai ikatan besar dengan Globuline<br />
Jika Yodium berkurang maka terjadi pembesaran tiroid (gondok) untuk mengejar kekurangan hormon yang dihasilkan.<br />
2. GnRH (Gonandotropin Releasing Hormon) • FSH (Folikel Stimulating Hormon)<br />
• LH (Luteinizing Hormon)<br />
Gonade • Estrogen<br />
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• Progesteron<br />
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• Testosteron • Pertumbuhan alat-alat kelamin <br />
• Perkembangan payudara<br />
• Menyebabkan lendir servic menjadi lebih tipis ehingga sperma mudah menembus<br />
• Meningkatkan osteoblastik<br />
• Menyebabkan retensi Na, Cl dan H2O sehingga menyebabkan ekskresi urin berkurang<br />
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• Nidasi dipersiapkan oleh endometrium dan pada wanita hamil mengurangi kepekaan terhadap oxytosin <br />
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• Menyebabkan secret leher rahim kental, keruh dan sedikit sehingga menyulitkan sperma menembus<br />
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• Menyebabkan peningkatan ekskresi Na<br />
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• Untuk kontrasepsi hormonal<br />
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• Perkembangan kelamin sekunder<br />
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• Tingkah laku pola pria<br />
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• Metabolisme anabolik<br />
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• Pengaturan gen<br />
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• Spermatogenesis<br />
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• Diferensiasi seksual<br />
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Saat premenstruasi kadar urin menajadi sedikit. Sedangkan saat menopause akan terjadi osteoporosis pada wanita akibat menghilangnya estrogen.<br />
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Progesteron menimbulkan umpan balik negatif terhadap hipotalamus.<br />
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Testosteron dihasilkan oleh testis pada pria. Sel leidyg mensekresi protein pengikat androgen atau ABP yang akan mengikat testosteron sebagai jawaban terhadap rangsangan FSH.<br />
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FSH mengalami feedback mechanisme oleh hormon Estrogen sedangkan LH mengalami feedback mechanisme oleh hormon progesteron dan hormon testosteron.<br />
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Hipofungsi kelenjar gonad dimana adanya gangguan pada awal proses maturasi juga adanya regresi dari ciri-ciri seks yang sebelumnya berkembang normal<br />
3. CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormon) ACTH (Adenocorticotropin Hormon) Korteks Kelenjar Adrenal/Suprarenal Kortikosteroid (glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid dan hormon androgen adrenal Metabolisme bahan makanan (fungsi korteks kelj.adrenal) Pelepasan hormon kortikosteroid dipacu oleh ACTH. Sedangkan pengeluaran ACTH diatur oleh kadar hormon glukokorticoid bebas yang beredar. <br />
Hormon androgen adrenal diubah menjadi testosteron oleh liver, biasanya pada wanita. <br />
• Pada pria 17 ketosteroid berasal dari androgen testis<br />
• Pada wanita 17 ketosteroid berasal dari adrenal<br />
Hipofungsi kortikosteroid menyebabkan penyakit Addison <br />
Hiperfungsi kortikosteroid menyebabkan Cushing Syndrome dan menyebabkan hipersekresi ACTH<br />
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Mineralokortikoid utama yaitu Aldosteron<br />
Sekresi mineralokortikoid dipacu oleh Angiotensin<br />
Hiperaldosteronisme menyebabkan Sindroma Conn<br />
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4. GHRIH (Growth Hormon Releasing Inhibiing Hormon) GH (Growth Hormon) Kartilago epifisealis tulang panjang • Metabolisme lemak<br />
• Metabolisme protein<br />
• Metabolisme karbohidrat<br />
• Metabolisme mineral Produksi GH berlebihan terjadi pada orang dewasa karena adanya tumor sel asidofil/tumor sel kromofob. Gejala berupa akromegali, hipertrofi otot jantung dan otot rangka serta pembengkaan tulang rawan.<br />
Kadar pada orang dewasa 400 µg/dl<br />
Pada remaja 700 µg/dl <br />
Pada pagi hari sekitar 5 µg/dl<br />
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Produksi GH berkurang terjadi pada anak dengan tubuh kecil dan proporsi bagian tubuh normal. <br />
Sekresi GH dipacu oleh:<br />
• Kadar glukosa darah yang rendah<br />
• Dopamin<br />
• Latihan<br />
• Stress<br />
GHRIH menghambat hipofise dalam mensekresi GH sehingga GH yg dikeluarkan menjadi lebih sedikit.<br />
5. PRIH (Prolacting Releasing Inhibiting Hormon) PRL (Prolaktin) Kelenjar susu Untuk perangsangan awal produksi air susu Prolaktin disekresikan oleh sel asidopil pada hipofise.<br />
Kadar prolaktin yang berlebih dapat memacu perkembangan payudara.<br />
Prolatkin meningkat pada kadar dopamin rendah dan adanya kerusakan hipotalamus/tumor.<br />
PRIH menghambat dalam mensekresi prolaktin. Prolaktin tersebut hanya dapat merangsang produksi susu saja. Sehingga air susu tidak dikeluarkan dan apabila kadar dari prolaktin tersebut berlebihan maka akan memacu perkembangan payudara.<br />
6. Beta Endorphin Hipofise Beta Endorphin akan disekresikan saat seseorang mendapatkan suatu kenikmatan seperti saat laki-laki mengalami ejakulasi, perempuan mengalami masturbasi ataupun saat seseorang mengalami kenikmatan dalam merokok. Beta Endorphin tersebut merupakan lobus anterior dari hipofise.<br />
7. ADH (Antidiuretik Hormon) atau Vasopresin Untuk mempengaruhi jumlah air yang disekresikan melalui ginjal di tubulus kontortus distal dan duktus kolektifus. Kadar rata-rata orang dewasa: 2,3 – 3,1 µg/ml.<br />
Sekresi ADH dipacu oleh:<br />
• Berkurangnya volume darah sampai 10%<br />
• Obat-obat morfin, barbiturat, kolinergik dan histamin.<br />
Gangguan sekresi ADH yaitu Diabetes Insipidus dan SIADHS<br />
8. Oksitosin Merangsang kontraksi sel mioepitel yang mengelilingi alveoli mammae sehingga memacu aliran susu kedalam sistem duktus alveolaris dan menyebabkan ejeksi air susu. Sekresi akan meningkat saat awal laktasi.<br />
Apabila oksitosin berlebih maka ejeksi air susu akan berlebih dan susah dikontrol sedangkan kekurangan oksitosin maka ejeksi air susu akan sedikit bahkan tidak keluar.gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-55362925135923300472011-05-21T04:37:00.003-07:002011-05-21T04:37:57.573-07:00Penyebab Infertil pada Wanitapenyebab infertilitas pada wanita;<br />
1. Faktor Vagina :<br />
Vaginismus (kejang otot vagina), Vaginitis (radang/infeksi vagina), dll<br />
2. Faktor Uterus (rahim) :<br />
Myoma (tumor otot rahim), Endometritis (radang sel. lendir rahim), Endometriosis (tumbuh sel. ender rahim bukan pada tempatnya), Uterus bicornis, arcuatus, asherman’s syndrome, retrofleksi (kelainan bentuk dan posisi rahim), Prolap (pemburutan, penyembulan rahim ke bawah).<br />
3. Faktor Cervix (Mulut Rahim) :<br />
Polip (tumor jinak), Stenosis (kekakuan mulut rahim), Non Hostile Mucus (kualitas lendir mulut rahim jelek), Anti Sperm Antibody (antibody terhadap sperma), dll.<br />
4. Faktor Tuba Fallopi (Saluran Telur) :<br />
Pembuntuan, penyempitan, perlengketan saluran telur (bias karena infeksi atau kelainan bawaan).<br />
5. Faktor Ovarium (Indung Telur) : <br />
Tumor, Cyste, Gangguan menstruasi (Amenorhoe, Oligomenorhoe dengan/tanpa ovulasi). Organ ini berinteraksi dengan pusat pengendali hormone di otak (Hypothalamus dan Hipofisis) dalam mengatur siklus menstruasi.<br />
6. Faktor Lain :<br />
Prolactinoma (tumor pada Hipofisis), Hiper/hypotroid (kelebihan/ kekurangan hormone tiroid), dll.<br />
Infertilitas adalah keadaan seorang wanita tidak dapat hamil secara alami dalam satu tahun setelah secara teratur melakukan aktifitas seksual tanpa alat kontrasepsi. <br />
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Faktor penyebab infertilitas bisa pada pihak wanita (istri) maupun pria ( suami).<br />
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Adapun penyebab infertilitas pada wanita adalah :<br />
- faktor vagina : vaginismus, vaginistis<br />
- faktor serviks : polip, stenosis, non hostile mukus, antibodi terhadap sperma<br />
- faktor uterus : mioma, endometritis, endometriosis, uterus bicornis, arcuatus<br />
- faktor tuba fallopi : tuba buntu, penyempitan, perlengketan<br />
- faktor ovarium : tumor, kista, gangguan menstruasi dengan / tanpa ovulasi<br />
- faktor hormon : gangguan hormon pada poros hipothalamus-hipofisis-ovarium<br />
- faktor lain : obesitas, hiper/hipotiroid, penyakit sistemik lainnya.<br />
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Sindroma infertilitas pada wanita:<br />
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sindroma defisiensi ginjal<br />
kelainan bawaan, kelainan haid dengan siklus haid memanjang, darah haid sedikit, libido seksual menurun, tubuh kurus.<br />
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sindroma hati tertekan <br />
siklus haid tidak teratur, gejala premenstrual sindrom seperti bengkak di payudara, emosi labil, mudah tersinggung.<br />
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sindroma defisiensi darah / xue<br />
fisik yang lemah, anemi, penyakit kronis, sakit berat, mengakibatkan tubuh kekurangan darah sehingga tidak terjadi haid.<br />
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sindroma reak lembab<br />
Timbunan reak lembab atau lendir, kegemukan, siklus haid memanjang, banyak keputihan.<br />
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Sindroma stagnasi darah<br />
siklus haid memanjang, jumlah darah haid sedikit, berwarna gelap disertai gumpalan, dismenore<br />
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Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/gynecology/1968246-infertilitas-pada-wanita/#ixzz1LlIRDFuP<br />
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Pengertian Infertilitas : Keadaan dimana pasangan suami isteri selama satu tahun belum memiliki anak walaupun keduanya melakukan hubungan intim secara rutin dan tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi .<br />
Ada 2 macam, infertilitas primer yaitu keadaan dimana seorang isteri belum pernah memiliki/melahirkan anak dalam keadaan hidup . Infertilitas sekunder yaitu jika seorang isteri pernah melahirkan anak dan namun tidak mampu melahirkan lagi sementara masih dalam masa produktif/belum menopause .<br />
Perawatan medis <br />
Pengobatan infertilitas umumnya melibatkan penggunaan obat kesuburan, perangkat medis, operasi, atau kombinasi dari berikut. Jika sperma yang berkualitas baik, dan mekanisme struktur reproduksi wanita yang baik (saluran tuba paten, tidak ada adhesi atau bekas luka) dokter mungkin mulai dengan resep kursus obat merangsang ovarium. <br />
Dokter mungkin juga menyarankan menggunakan topi konsepsi penutup serviks mana pasien menggunakan di rumah dengan menempatkan sperma di dalam topi dan meletakkan perangkat konsepsi pada leher rahim, inseminasi intrauterin (IUI), di mana dokter memperkenalkan sperma ke dalam rahim selama ovulasi , melalui kateter. Dalam metode ini, pembuahan terjadi di dalam tubuh. <br />
Jika perawatan medis konservatif gagal untuk mencapai kehamilan istilah penuh, dokter mungkin menyarankan pasien menjalani fertilisasi in vitro (IVF). IVF dan teknik terkait (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) disebut teknologi reproduksi yang dibantu (ART) teknik. <br />
teknik ART umumnya dimulai dengan merangsang ovarium untuk meningkatkan produksi telur. Setelah stimulasi, dokter pembedahan ekstrak satu atau lebih telur dari indung telur, dan menyatukan mereka dengan sperma di laboratorium, dengan tujuan untuk memproduksi satu atau lebih embrio. Pemupukan terjadi di luar tubuh, dan telur dibuahi ini dimasukkan kembali ke dalam saluran reproduksi wanita tersebut, dalam sebuah prosedur yang disebut transfer embrio. <br />
teknik pengobatan lainnya adalah misalnya tuboplasty, dibantu menetas, dan diagnosis praimplantasi genetik. <br />
Komplementer dan pengobatan alternatif <br />
Tiga pelengkap atau alternatif perawatan kesuburan perempuan telah teruji secara ilmiah, dengan hasil yang dipublikasikan dalam jurnal medis peer-review. <br />
1. Kelompok intervensi psikologis: Sebuah 2000 Harvard Medical School studi meneliti efek dari kelompok intervensi psikologis pada wanita subur (berusaha untuk hamil durasi satu sampai dua tahun). Kelompok intervensi dua kelompok pendukung dan kelompok perilaku kognitif-telah signifikan secara statistik tingkat kehamilan lebih tinggi dari kelompok kontrol. <br />
2. Akupunktur: Akupunktur dilakukan 25 menit sebelum dan setelah transfer embrio IVF IVF peningkatan angka kehamilan dalam sebuah penelitian di Jerman yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2002. Dalam sebuah studi tahun 2006 yang sama yang dilakukan oleh University of South Australia, peluang kelompok akupunktur (meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik) adalah lebih tinggi 1,5 daripada kelompok kontrol. Walaupun hasil definitif efek akupunktur pada transfer embrio tetap menjadi topik diskusi, studi penulis menyatakan bahwa tampaknya menjadi tambahan yang aman untuk IVF. <br />
3. Manual terapi fisik: Teknik Wurn, fisik terapi pengobatan manipulatif manual, ditunjukkan dalam publikasi peer review untuk meningkatkan kehamilan IVF tarif dan alami pada wanita subur dalam sebuah studi tahun 2004, dan untuk membuka dan mengembalikan fungsi tuba falopi diblokir dalam sebuah penelitian di tahun 2008 . Terapi ini dirancang untuk mengatasi adhesi membatasi fungsi dan mobilitas dari organ reproduksi. Ini mungkin dianggap sebagai bentuk pariwisata medis. Alasan utama bagi pariwisata kesuburan adalah peraturan hukum dari prosedur dicari di negara asal, atau harga yang lebih rendah. In-vitro fertilisasi dan inseminasi donor prosedur utama yang terlibat. <br />
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Infertility-Treatments-%28Indonesian%29.aspxgani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2939402797879717070.post-28057452261238707902011-05-14T23:56:00.001-07:002011-05-14T23:56:03.848-07:00Systemic lupus erythematosus<br />
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />
Jump to: navigation, search<br />
For other uses, see lupus (disambiguation).<br />
Systemic lupus erythematosus<br />
Classification and external resources<br />
ICD-10 L93., M32.<br />
ICD-9 710.0<br />
OMIM 152700<br />
DiseasesDB 12782<br />
MedlinePlus 000435<br />
eMedicine med/2228 emerg/564<br />
MeSH D008180<br />
<br />
Systemic lupus erythematosus (pronounced /sɪˈstɛmɪk ˈlupəs ˌɛrɪˌθiməˈtʰoʊsəs/ ( listen)), often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease (or autoimmune connective tissue disease) that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.[1] It is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by antibody-immune complex formation.<br />
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SLE most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. The course of the disease is unpredictable, with periods of illness (called flares) alternating with remissions. The disease occurs nine times more often in women than in men, especially in women in child-bearing years ages 15 to 35, and is also more common in those of non-European descent.[2][3][4]<br />
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SLE is treatable through addressing its symptoms, mainly with cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants; there is currently no cure. SLE can be fatal, although with recent medical advances, fatalities are becoming increasingly rare. Survival for people with SLE in the United States, Canada, and Europe is approximately 95% at five years, 90% at 10 years, and 78% at 20 years.[4]<br />
Signs and symptoms<br />
Common symptoms of SLE.[5]<br />
<br />
SLE is one of several diseases known as "the great imitators" because it often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses.[6] SLE is a classical item in differential diagnosis,[2] because SLE symptoms vary widely and come and go unpredictably. Diagnosis can thus be elusive, with some people suffering unexplained symptoms of untreated SLE for years.<br />
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Common initial and chronic complaints include fever, malaise, joint pains, myalgias, fatigue, and temporary loss of cognitive abilities. Because they are so often seen with other diseases, these signs and symptoms are not part of the diagnostic criteria for SLE. When occurring in conjunction with other signs and symptoms (see below), however, they are considered suggestive.[7]<br />
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Dermatological manifestations<br />
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As many as 30% of sufferers have some dermatological symptoms (and 65% suffer such symptoms at some point), with 30% to 50% suffering from the classic malar rash (or butterfly rash) associated with the disease. Some may exhibit thick, red scaly patches on the skin (referred to as discoid lupus). Alopecia; mouth, nasal, and vaginal ulcers; and lesions on the skin are also possible manifestations.<br />
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Musculoskeletal<br />
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The most commonly sought medical attention is for joint pain, with the small joints of the hand and wrist usually affected, although all joints are at risk. The Lupus Foundation of America estimates more than 90 percent of those affected will experience joint and/or muscle pain at some time during the course of their illness.[8] Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, lupus arthritis is less disabling and usually does not cause severe destruction of the joints. Fewer than ten percent of people with lupus arthritis will develop deformities of the hands and feet.[8] SLE patients are at particular risk of developing osteoarticular tuberculosis.[9]<br />
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A possible association between rheumatoid arthritis and SLE has been suggested,[10] and SLE may be associated with an increased risk of bone fractures in relatively young women.[11]<br />
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Hematological<br />
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Anemia may develop in up to 50% of cases. Low platelet and white blood cell counts may be due to the disease or a side effect of pharmacological treatment. People with SLE may have an association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome[12] (a thrombotic disorder), wherein autoantibodies to phospholipids are present in their serum. Abnormalities associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome include a paradoxical prolonged partial thromboplastin time (which usually occurs in hemorrhagic disorders) and a positive test for antiphospholipid antibodies; the combination of such findings have earned the term "lupus anticoagulant-positive". Another autoantibody finding in SLE is the anticardiolipin antibody, which can cause a false positive test for syphilis.<br />
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Cardiac<br />
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A person with SLE may have inflammation of various parts of the heart, such as pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. The endocarditis of SLE is characteristically noninfective (Libman-Sacks endocarditis), and involves either the mitral valve or the tricuspid valve. Atherosclerosis also tends to occur more often and advances more rapidly than in the general population.[13][14][15]<br />
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Pulmonary<br />
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Lung and pleura inflammation can cause pleuritis, pleural effusion, lupus pneumonitis, chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary emboli, pulmonary hemorrhage, and shrinking lung syndrome.<br />
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Renal<br />
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Painless hematuria or proteinuria may often be the only presenting renal symptom. Acute or chronic renal impairment may develop with lupus nephritis, leading to acute or end-stage renal failure. Because of early recognition and management of SLE, end-stage renal failure occurs in less than 5% of cases.<br />
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A histological hallmark of SLE is membranous glomerulonephritis with "wire loop" abnormalities.[16] This finding is due to immune complex deposition along the glomerular basement membrane, leading to a typical granular appearance in immunofluorescence testing.<br />
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Neuropsychiatric<br />
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Neuropsychiatric syndromes can result when SLE affects the central or peripheral nervous systems. The American College of Rheumatology defines 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus.[17] The diagnosis of neuropsychiatric syndromes concurrent with SLE is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine, because it can involve so many different patterns of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for signs of infectious disease or stroke.[18]<br />
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The most common neuropsychiatric disorder people with SLE have is headache,[19] although the existence of a specific lupus headache and the optimal approach to headache in SLE cases remains controversial.[20] Other common neuropsychiatric manifestation of SLE include cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, cerebrovascular disease,[19] seizures, polyneuropathy,[19] anxiety disorder, and psychosis. It can rarely present with intracranial hypertension syndrome, characterized by an elevated intracranial pressure, papilledema, and headache with occasional abducens nerve paresis, absence of a space-occupying lesion or ventricular enlargement, and normal cerebrospinal fluid chemical and hematological constituents.[21]<br />
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More rare manifestations are acute confusional state, Guillain-Barré syndrome, aseptic meningitis, autonomic disorder, demyelinating syndrome, mononeuropathy (which might manifest as mononeuritis multiplex), movement disorder (more specifically, chorea), myasthenia gravis, myelopathy, cranial neuropathy and plexopathy.<br />
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Neurological<br />
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Neural symptoms contribute to a significant percentage of morbidity and mortality in patients with lupus.[22] As a result, the neural side of lupus is being studied in hopes of reducing morbidity and mortality rates.[23] The neural manifestation of lupus is known as neuropsychiatric systematic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). One aspect of this disease is severe damage to the epithelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.<br />
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Lupus has a wide range of symptoms which span the body. The neurological symptoms include headaches,[19] depression, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, cerebrovascular disease,[19] polyneuropathy,[19] anxiety disorder, psychosis, and in some extreme cases, personality disorders.[24] In certain regions, depression reportedly affects up to 60% of women suffering from SLE.[25]<br />
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Reproductive<br />
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Further information: Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy<br />
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SLE causes an increased rate of fetal death in utero and spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). The overall live-birth rate in SLE patient has been estimated to be 72%.[26] Pregnancy outcome appears to be worse in SLE patients whose disease flares up during pregnancy.[27]<br />
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Neonatal lupus is the occurrence of SLE symptoms in an infant born from a mother with SLE, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling discoid lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as heart block or hepatosplenomegaly.[28] Neonatal lupus is usually benign and self-limited.[28]<br />
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Systemic<br />
<br />
Fatigue in SLE is probably multifactorial and has been related to not only disease activity or complications such as anemia or hypothyroidism, but also to pain, depression, poor sleep quality, poor physical fitness and perceived lack of social support.[29][30]<br />
[edit] Causes<br />
<br />
There is no one specific cause of SLE. There are, however, a number of environmental triggers and a number of genetic susceptibilities.[31][32]<br />
[edit] Genetics<br />
<br />
The first mechanism may arise genetically. Research indicates SLE may have a genetic link. SLE does run in families, but no single causal gene has been identified. Instead, multiple genes appear to influence a person's chance of developing lupus when triggered by environmental factors. The most important genes are located in the HLA region on chromosome 6, where mutations may occur randomly (de novo) or may be inherited. HLA class I, class II, and class III are associated with SLE, but only classes I and II contribute independently to increased risk of SLE.[33] Other genes which contain risk variants for SLE are IRF5, PTPN22, STAT4,[34] CDKN1A,[35] ITGAM, BLK,[34] TNFSF4 and BANK1.[36] some of the susceptibility genes may be population specific.[34]<br />
[edit] Environmental triggers<br />
<br />
The second mechanism may be due to environmental factors. These factors may not only exacerbate existing SLE conditions, but also trigger the initial onset.<br />
<br />
Researchers have sought to find a connection between certain infectious agents (viruses and bacteria), but no pathogen can be consistently linked to the disease. Some researchers have found that women with silicone gel-filled breast implants have produced antibodies to their own collagen, but it is not known how often these antibodies occur in the general population, and there are no data that show these antibodies cause connective tissue diseases such as SLE. There is also a small but growing body of evidence linking SLE to lipstick usage.[37][38][39]<br />
[edit] Drug reactions<br />
<br />
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is a (generally) reversible condition that usually occurs in people being treated for a long-term illness. Drug-induced lupus mimics SLE. However, symptoms of drug-induced lupus generally disappear once the medication that triggered the episode is stopped. There are about 400 medications that can cause this condition, the most common of which are procainamide, hydralazine, quinidine, and phenytoin.[2]<br />
[edit] Non-SLE forms of lupus<br />
<br />
Discoid (cutaneous) lupus is limited to skin symptoms and is diagnosed by biopsy of rash on the face, neck, scalp or arms.<br />
[edit] Pathophysiology<br />
<br />
One manifestation of SLE is abnormalities in apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death in which aging or damaged cells are neatly disposed of as a part of normal growth or functioning.<br />
[edit] Transmission<br />
<br />
In SLE, the body's immune system produces antibodies against itself, particularly against proteins in the cell nucleus. SLE is triggered by environmental factors that are unknown.<br />
<br />
"All the key components of the immune system are involved in the underlying mechanisms [of SLE]" according to Rahman, and SLE is the prototypical autoimmune disease. The immune system must have a balance (homeostasis) between being sensitive enough to protect against infection, and being too sensitive and attacking the body's own proteins (autoimmunity). From an evolutionary perspective, according to Crow, the population must have enough genetic diversity to protect itself against a wide range of possible infection; some genetic combinations result in autoimmunity. The likely environmental triggers include ultraviolet light, drugs, and viruses. These stimuli cause the destruction of cells and expose their DNA, histones, and other proteins, particularly parts of the cell nucleus. Because of genetic variations in different components of the immune system, in some people the immune system attacks these nuclear-related proteins and produces antibodies against them. In the end, these antibody complexes damage blood vessels in critical areas of the body, such as the glomeruli of the kidney; these antibody attacks are the cause of SLE. Researchers are now identifying the individual genes, the proteins they produce, and their role in the immune system. Each protein is a link on the autoimmune chain, and researchers are trying to find drugs to break each of those links.[2][40][41]<br />
<br />
SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease believed to be a type III hypersensitivity response with potential type II involvement.[42] Reticulate and stellate acral pigmentation should be considered a possible manifestation of SLE and high titers of anticardiolipin antibodies, or a consequence of therapy.[43]<br />
[edit] Abnormalities in apoptosis<br />
<br />
* Apoptosis is increased in monocytes and keratinocytes<br />
* Expression of Fas by B cells and T cells is increased<br />
* There are correlations between the apoptotic rates of lymphocytes and disease activity.<br />
<br />
Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) – large phagocytic cells in the germinal centers of secondary lymph nodes – express CD68 protein. These cells normally engulf B cells that have undergone apoptosis after somatic hypermutation. In some people with SLE, significantly fewer TBMs can be found, and these cells rarely contain material from apoptotic B cells. Also, uningested apoptotic nuclei can be found outside of TBMs. This material may present a threat to the tolerization of B cells and T cells. Dendritic cells in the germinal center may endocytose such antigenic material and present it to T cells, activating them. Also, apoptotic chromatin and nuclei may attach to the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells and make this material available for activating other B cells that may have randomly acquired self-specificity through somatic hypermutation.[44]<br />
[edit] Clearance deficiency<br />
Clearance deficiency<br />
<br />
The exact mechanisms for the development of SLE are still unclear, since the pathogenesis is a multifactorial event. Beside discussed causations, impaired clearance of dying cells is a potential pathway for the development of this systemic autoimmune disease. This includes deficient phagocytic activity and scant serum components in addition to increased apoptosis.<br />
<br />
Monocytes isolated from whole blood of SLE sufferers show reduced expression of CD44 surface molecules involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells. Most of the monocytes and tingible body macrophages (TBMs), which are found in the germinal centres of lymph nodes, even show a definitely different morphology; they are smaller or scarce and die earlier. Serum components like complement factors, CRP, and some glycoproteins are, furthermore, decisively important for an efficiently operating phagocytosis. With SLE, these components are often missing, diminished, or inefficient.<br />
<br />
Recent research has found an association between certain lupus patients (especially those with lupus nephritis) and an impairment in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These were due to DNAse1 inhibiting factors, or NET protecting factors in patient serum, rather than abnormalities in the DNAse1 itself.[45] DNAse1 mutations in lupus have so far only been found in some Japanese cohorts.[46]<br />
<br />
The clearance of early apoptotic cells is an important function in multicellular organisms. It leads to a progression of the apoptosis process and finally to secondary necrosis of the cells if this ability is disturbed. Necrotic cells release nuclear fragments as potential autoantigens, as well as internal danger signals, inducing maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), since they have lost their membranes' integrity. Increased appearance of apoptotic cells also simulates inefficient clearance. That leads to maturation of DCs and also to the presentation of intracellular antigens of late apoptotic or secondary necrotic cells, via MHC molecules. Autoimmunity possibly results by the extended exposure to nuclear and intracellular autoantigens derived from late apoptotic and secondary necrotic cells. B and T cell tolerance for apoptotic cells is abrogated, and the lymphocytes get activated by these autoantigens; inflammation and the production of autoantibodies by plasma cells is initiated. A clearance deficiency in the skin for apoptotic cells has also been observed in people with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).[47]<br />
Germinal centres<br />
[edit] Accumulation in germinal centres (GC)<br />
<br />
In healthy conditions, apoptotic lymphocytes are removed in germinal centres by specialized phagocytes, the tingible body macrophages (TBM), which is why no free apoptotic and potential autoantigenic material can be seen. In some people with SLE, accumulation of apoptotic debris can be observed in GC because of an ineffective clearance of apoptotic cells. In close proximity to TBM, follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are localised in GC, which attach antigen material to their surface and, in contrast to bone marrow-derived DC, neither take it up nor present it via MHC molecules.<br />
<br />
Autoreactive B cells can accidentally emerge during somatic hypermutation and migrate into the GC light zone. Autoreactive B cells, maturated coincidentally, normally do not receive survival signals by antigen planted on follicular dendritic cells, and perish by apoptosis. In the case of clearance deficiency, apoptotic nuclear debris accumulates in the light zone of GC and gets attached to FDC. This serves as a germinal centre survival signal for autoreactive B-cells. After migration into the mantle zone, autoreactive B cells require further survival signals from autoreactive helper T cells, which promote the maturation of autoantibody-producing plasma cells and B memory cells. In the presence of autoreactive T cells, a chronic autoimmune disease may be the consequence.<br />
[edit] Anti-nRNP autoimmunity<br />
<br />
Autoantibodies to nRNP A and nRNP C initially targeted restricted, proline-rich motifs. Antibody binding subsequently spread to other epitopes. The similarity and cross-reactivity between the initial targets of nRNP and Sm autoantibodies identifies a likely commonality in cause and a focal point for intermolecular epitope spreading.[48]<br />
[edit] Others<br />
<br />
Elevated expression of HMGB1 was found in the sera of patients and mice with systemic lupus erythematosus, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein participating in chromatin architecture and transcriptional regulation. Recently, there is increasing evidence HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases due to its proinflammatory and immunostimulatory properties.[49]<br />
[edit] Diagnosis<br />
Microphotograph of a histological section of human skin prepared for direct immunofluorescence using an anti-IgG antibody. The skin is from a person with systemic lupus erythematosus and shows IgG deposits at two different places: The first is a bandlike deposit along the epidermal basement membrane ("lupus band test" is positive); the second is within the nuclei of the epidermal cells (antinuclear antibodies are present).<br />
Sodium pertechnate scan showing diffusely increased uptake in lupus cerebritis<br />
[edit] Laboratory tests<br />
<br />
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing and anti-extractable nuclear antigen (anti-ENA) form the mainstay of serologic testing for SLE. Several techniques are used to detect ANAs. Clinically the most widely used method is indirect immunofluorescence. The pattern of fluorescence suggests the type of antibody present in the patient's serum.<br />
<br />
ANA screening yields positive results in many connective tissue disorders and other autoimmune diseases, and may occur in normal individuals. Subtypes of antinuclear antibodies include anti-Smith and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies (which are linked to SLE) and anti-histone antibodies (which are linked to drug-induced lupus). Anti-dsDNA antibodies are highly specific for SLE; they are present in 70% of cases, whereas they appear in only 0.5% of people without SLE.[2] The anti-dsDNA antibody titers also tend to reflect disease activity, although not in all cases.[2] Other ANA that may occur in SLE sufferers are anti-U1 RNP (which also appears in systemic sclerosis), SS-A (or anti-Ro) and SS-B (or anti-La; both of which are more common in Sjögren's syndrome). SS-A and SS-B confer a specific risk for heart conduction block in neonatal lupus.[50]<br />
<br />
Other tests routinely performed in suspected SLE are complement system levels (low levels suggest consumption by the immune system), electrolytes and renal function (disturbed if the kidney is involved), liver enzymes, and complete blood count.<br />
<br />
The lupus erythematosus (LE) cell test was commonly used for diagnosis, but it is no longer used because the LE cells are only found in 50–75% of SLE cases, and they are also found in some people with rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and drug sensitivities. Because of this, the LE cell test is now performed only rarely and is mostly of historical significance.[51]<br />
[edit] Diagnostic criteria<br />
<br />
Some physicians make a diagnosis on the basis of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria. The criteria, however, were established mainly for use in scientific research including use in randomized controlled trials which require higher confidence levels, so some people with SLE may not pass the full criteria.<br />
[edit] Criteria<br />
<br />
The American College of Rheumatology established eleven criteria in 1982,[52] which were revised in 1997[53] as a classificatory instrument to operationalise the definition of SLE in clinical trials. They were not intended to be used to diagnose individuals and do not do well in that capacity. For the purpose of identifying patients for clinical studies, a person has SLE if any 4 out of 11 symptoms are present simultaneously or serially on two separate occasions.<br />
<br />
1. Malar rash (rash on cheeks); sensitivity = 57%; specificity = 96%.[54]<br />
2. Discoid rash (red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring); sensitivity = 18%; specificity = 99%.[54]<br />
3. Serositis: Pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane around the lungs) or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart); sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 86% (pleural is more sensitive; cardiac is more specific).[54]<br />
4. Oral ulcers (includes oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers); sensitivity = 27%; specificity = 96%.[54]<br />
5. Arthritis: nonerosive arthritis of two or more peripheral joints, with tenderness, swelling, or effusion; sensitivity = 86%; specificity = 37%.[54]<br />
6. Photosensitivity (exposure to ultraviolet light causes rash, or other symptoms of SLE flareups); sensitivity = 43%; specificity = 96%.[54]<br />
7. Blood—hematologic disorder—hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count) or leukopenia (white blood cell count<4000/µl), lymphopenia (<1500/µl) or thrombocytopenia (<100000/µl) in the absence of offending drug; sensitivity = 59%; specificity = 89%.[54] Hypocomplementemia is also seen, due to either consumption of C3 and C4 by immune complex-induced inflammation or to congenitally complement deficiency, which may predispose to SLE.<br />
8. Renal disorder: More than 0.5 g per day protein in urine or cellular casts seen in urine under a microscope; sensitivity = 51%; specificity = 94%.[54]<br />
9. Antinuclear antibody test positive; sensitivity = 99%; specificity = 49%.[54]<br />
10. Immunologic disorder: Positive anti-Smith, anti-ds DNA, antiphospholipid antibody, and/or false positive serological test for syphilis; sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 93%.[54] Presence of anti-ss DNA in 70% of cases (though also positive with rheumatic disease and healthy persons).[55]<br />
11. Neurologic disorder: Seizures or psychosis; sensitivity = 20%; specificity = 98%.[54]<br />
<br />
The mnemonic to remember the 11 symptoms is 'MD SOAP BRAIN' or 'DOPAMIN(E) RASH'.[56]<br />
[edit] Criteria for individual diagnosis<br />
<br />
Some people, especially those with antiphospholipid syndrome, may have SLE without four of the above criteria, and also SLE may present with features other than those listed in the criteria.[57][58][59]<br />
<br />
Recursive partitioning has been used to identify more parsimonious criteria.[54] This analysis presented two diagnostic classification trees:<br />
<br />
1. Simplest classification tree: SLE is diagnosed if a person has an immunologic disorder (anti-DNA antibody, anti-Smith antibody, false positive syphilis test, or LE cells) or malar rash. It has sensitivity = 92% and specificity = 92%.<br />
2. Full classification tree: Uses 6 criteria. It has sensitivity = 97% and specificity = 95%.<br />
<br />
Other alternative criteria have been suggested, e.g. the St. Thomas' Hospital "alternative" criteria in 1998.[60]<br />
[edit] Prevention<br />
<br />
SLE is not understood well enough to be prevented, but, when the disease develops, quality of life can be improved through flare prevention. The warning signs of an impending flare include increased fatigue, pain, rash, fever, abdominal discomfort, headache, and dizziness. Early recognition of warning signs and good communication with a doctor can help individuals remain active, experience less pain, and reduce medical visits.[61]<br />
<br />
As longevity of people with SLE increases, the likelihood of complications also increases in four areas: cardiovascular disease, infections, osteoporosis, and cancer. Standard preventive measures, screening for related diseases may be necessary to deal with the increased risks due to the side effects of medications. Extra vigilance is considered warranted in particular for cancers affecting the immune system.[62]<br />
[edit] Treatment<br />
<br />
The treatment of SLE involves preventing flares and reducing their severity and duration when they occur.<br />
<br />
Treatment can include corticosteroids and anti-malarial drugs. Certain types of lupus nephritis such as diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis require bouts of cytotoxic drugs. These drugs include cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate.<br />
<br />
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was the last medication approved by the FDA for lupus in 1955.[63] Some drugs approved for other diseases are used for SLE 'off-label'. In November 2010, an FDA advisory panel recommended approving Benlysta (belimumab) as a treatment for the pain and flare-ups common in lupus. The drug was approved by the FDA in March 2011. [64]<br />
[edit] Medications<br />
<br />
Due to the variety of symptoms and organ system involvement with SLE, its severity in an individual must be assessed in order to successfully treat SLE. Mild or remittant disease can sometimes be safely left untreated. If required, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antimalarials may be used. Medications such as Prednisone, Cellcept and Prograf has been used in the past. A number of potential treatments are in clinical trials.[65]<br />
[edit] Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs<br />
<br />
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are used preventively to reduce the incidence of flares, the process of the disease, and lower the need for steroid use; when flares occur, they are treated with corticosteroids. DMARDs commonly in use are antimalarials such as plaquenil and immunosuppressants (e.g. methotrexate and azathioprine). Hydroxychloroquine is an FDA-approved antimalarial used for constitutional, cutaneous, and articular manifestations. Hydroxychloroquine has relatively few side effects, and there is evidence that it improves survival among people who have SLE.[63] Cyclophosphamide is used for severe glomerulonephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Mycophenolic acid is also used for treatment of lupus nephritis, but it is not FDA-approved for this indication, and FDA is investigating reports that it may be associated with birth defects when used by pregnant women.[66]<br />
[edit] Immunosuppressive drugs<br />
<br />
In more severe cases, medications that modulate the immune system (primarily corticosteroids and immunosuppressants) are used to control the disease and prevent recurrence of symptoms (known as flares). Depending on the dosage, people who require steroids may develop Cushing's syndrome, side-effects of which may include obesity, puffy round face, diabetes mellitus, large appetite, difficulty sleeping and osteoporosis. Those side-effects can subside if and when the large initial dosage is reduced, but long-term use of even low doses can cause elevated blood pressure and cataracts.<br />
<br />
Numerous new immunosuppressive drugs are being actively tested for SLE. Rather than suppressing the immune system nonspecifically, as corticosteroids do, they target the responses of individual [types of] immune cells. Some of these drugs are already FDA-approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.[63] See also Belimumab and Atacicept. Lupuzor has given encouraging results in a phase IIb trial[67]<br />
[edit] Analgesia<br />
<br />
Since a large percentage of people with SLE suffer from varying amounts of chronic pain, stronger prescription analgesics (pain killers) may be used if over-the-counter drugs (mainly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) do not provide effective relief. Potent NSAIDs such as indomethacin and diclofenac are relatively contraindicated for patients with SLE because they increase the risk of kidney failure and heart failure.[63]<br />
<br />
Moderate pain is typically treated with mild prescription opiates such as dextropropoxyphene and co-codamol. Moderate to severe chronic pain is treated with stronger opioids, such as hydrocodone or longer-acting continuous-release opioids, such as oxycodone, MS Contin, or methadone. The fentanyl duragesic transdermal patch is also a widely-used treatment option for the chronic pain caused by complications because of its long-acting timed release and ease of use. When opioids are used for prolonged periods, drug tolerance, chemical dependency, and addiction may occur. Opiate addiction is not typically a concern, since the condition is not likely to ever completely disappear. Thus, lifelong treatment with opioids is fairly common for chronic pain symptoms, accompanied by periodic titration that is typical of any long-term opioid regimen.<br />
[edit] Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGs)<br />
<br />
Intravenous immunoglobulins may be used to control SLE with organ involvement, or vasculitis. It is believed that they reduce antibody production or promote the clearance of immune complexes from the body, even though their mechanism of action is not well-understood.[68] Unlike immunosuppressives and corticosteroids, IVIGs do not suppress the immune system, so there is less risk of serious infections with these drugs.[69]<br />
[edit] Lifestyle changes<br />
<br />
Avoiding sunlight is the primary change to the lifestyle of SLE sufferers, as sunlight is known to exacerbate the disease, as is the debilitating effect of intense fatigue. These two problems can lead to patients becoming housebound for long periods of time. Drugs unrelated to SLE should be prescribed only when known not to exacerbate the disease. Occupational exposure to silica, pesticides and mercury can also make the disease worsen.[31]<br />
[edit] Renal transplantation<br />
<br />
Renal transplants are the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, which is one of the complications of lupus nephritis, but the recurrence of the full disease is common in up to 30% of patients.[70]<br />
[edit] Hughes syndrome<br />
<br />
Hughes syndrome, also known as the antiphospholipid syndrome or sticky blood syndrome, is also related to the onset of neural lupus symptoms in the brain. In this form of the disease the cause is very different from lupus: thromboses (blood clots or "sticky blood") form in blood vessels, which prove to be fatal if they move within the blood stream.[71] If the thromboses migrate to the brain, they can potentially cause a stroke by blocking the blood supply to the brain.<br />
<br />
If this disorder is suspected in patients, brain scans are usually required for early detection. These scans can show localized areas of the brain where blood supply has not been adequate. The treatment plan for these patients requires thinning of the blood. Often, aspirin is prescribed for this purpose, although in more severe cases anticoagulants such as warfarin are used.[72]<br />
[edit] Management of pregnancy<br />
Further information: Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy<br />
<br />
While most infants born to mothers who have SLE are healthy, pregnant mothers with SLE should remain under medical care until delivery. Neonatal lupus is rare, but identification of mothers at highest risk for complications allows for prompt treatment before or after birth. In addition, SLE can flare up during pregnancy, and proper treatment can maintain the health of the mother longer. Women pregnant and known to have anti-Ro (SSA) or anti-La antibodies (SSB) often have echocardiograms during the 16th and 30th weeks of pregnancy to monitor the health of the heart and surrounding vasculature.[61]<br />
<br />
Contraception and other reliable forms of pregnancy prevention is routinely advised for women with SLE, since getting pregnant during active disease was found to be harmful. Lupus nephritis was the most common manifestation.<br />
[edit] Prognosis<br />
<br />
SLE is considered incurable, but highly treatable.<br />
<br />
In the 1950s, most people diagnosed with SLE lived fewer than five years. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival to the point where over 90% now survive for more than ten years, and many can live relatively asymptomatically. (It is important to note that "ten years" in this statistic does not indicate an average survival rate, but is merely the length of the referenced study. According to the Lupus Foundation of America, "the majority of people with lupus today can expect to live a normal lifespan."[73])<br />
<br />
Prognosis is normally worse for men and children than for women; however, if symptoms are present after age 60, the disease tends to run a more benign course. Early mortality, within 5 years, is due to organ failure or overwhelming infections, both of which can be modified by early diagnosis and treatment. The mortality risk is fivefold when compared to the normal population in the late stages, which can be attributed to cardiovascular diseases acquired from corticosteroid therapy, the leading cause of death for people with SLE.[63]<br />
<br />
To reduce potential for cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure and high cholesterol should be prevented or treated aggressively. Steroids should be used at the lowest dose for the shortest possible period, and other drugs that can reduce symptoms should be used whenever possible.[63] High serum creatinine, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, anemia and hypoalbuminemia are poor prognostic factors.[74]<br />
<br />
The ANA is the most sensitive screening test for evaluation, whereas anti-Sm (anti-Smith) is the most specific. The dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) antibody is also fairly specific and often fluctuates with disease activity; as such, the dsDNA titre is sometimes useful to monitor disease flares or response to treatment.[75]<br />
[edit] Epidemiology<br />
<br />
The rate of SLE varies considerably between countries, ethnicity, gender, and changes over time.[76] In the United States the prevalence of SLE is estimated to be about 53 per 100,000, translating to about 159,000 out of 300 million people in the US being affected.[76][77] In Northern Europe the rate is about 40 per 100,000 people.[78] SLE occurs more frequently and with greater severity among those of non-European descent.[77] That rate has been found to be as high as 159 per 100,000 among those of Afro-Caribbean descent.[76]<br />
<br />
SLE, like many autoimmune diseases, affects females more frequently than males, at a rate of almost 9 to 1.[76]<br />
<br />
The incidence of SLE in the United States increased from 1.0 in 1955 to 7.6 in 1974. Whether the increase is due to better diagnosis or to increasing frequency of the disease is unknown.[76]<br />
[edit] History and culture<br />
[edit] Etymology<br />
<br />
There are several explanations ventured for the term lupus erythematosus. Lupus is Latin for wolf,[79] and "erythro" is derived from ερυθρός, Greek for "red." All explanations originate with the reddish, butterfly-shaped malar rash that the disease classically exhibits across the nose and cheeks.<br />
<br />
1. In various accounts, some doctors thought the rash resembled the pattern of fur on a wolf's face.<br />
2. In other accounts, doctors thought that the rash, which was often more severe in earlier centuries, created lesions that resembled wolf bites or scratches.<br />
3. Another account claims that the term "lupus" did not come from Latin directly, but from the term for a French style of mask that women reportedly wore to conceal the rash on their faces. The mask is called a "loup," French for "wolf."<br />
<br />
[edit] History<br />
<br />
The history of SLE can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern. The classical period began when the disease was first recognized in the Middle Ages and saw the description of the dermatological manifestation of the disorder. The term lupus is attributed to 12th-century physician Rogerius, who used it to describe the classic malar rash. The neoclassical period was heralded by Móric Kaposi's recognition in 1872 of the systemic manifestations of the disease. The modern period began in 1948 with the discovery of the LE cell (the lupus erythematosus cell—a misnomer, as it occurs with other diseases as well) and is characterised by advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical-laboratory features of the disease, as well as advances in treatment.[80]<br />
<br />
Medical historians have theorized that people with porphyria (a disease that shares many symptoms with SLE) generated folklore stories of vampires and werewolves, due to the photosensitivity, scarring, hair growth, and porphyrin brownish-red stained teeth in severe recessive forms of porphyria (or combinations of the disorder, known as dual, homozygous, or compound heterozygous porphyrias).[80]<br />
<br />
Useful medication for the disease was first found in 1894, when quinine was first reported as an effective therapy. Four years later, the use of salicylates in conjunction with quinine was noted to be of still greater benefit. This was the best available treatment until the middle of the twentieth century, when Hench discovered the efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of SLE.[80]<br />
[edit] Notable cases<br />
<br />
* Michael Jackson suffered from both SLE and vitiligo.[81] Diagnosed in 1986, and confirmed by his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, who presented legal documents during court depositions.<br />
* Lady Gaga has been tested borderline positive for SLE, however she claims not to be affected by the symptoms yet. The revelations caused considerable dismay amongst her fans, leading to Gaga herself addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King,[82] saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[83]<br />
* Louisa May Alcott, American author best known for her novel Little Women, has been suggested to have had SLE.[84]<br />
* Inday Ba (also known as N'Deaye Ba), a Swedish-born actress who died from SLE complications at age 32.[85]<br />
* Donald Byrne, American chess player who died from SLE complications in 1976.[86]<br />
* Caroline Dorough-Cochran, sister of Howie D. of the Backstreet Boys, died of SLE complications. He founded the Dorough Lupus Foundation in her memory.<br />
* J Dilla (also known as Jay Dee), a hip-hop producer and beat maker who died of SLE complications in 2006.[87]<br />
* Lauren Shuler Donner, American movie producer.[88]<br />
* Hugh Gaitskell, British politician who died of SLE complications in 1963 aged 56.[89]<br />
* Seal, British musician (discoid lupus)<br />
* Sophie Howard, British glamour model[90]<br />
* Teddi King, American singer, died of SLE complications in 1977.[91]<br />
* Charles Kuralt, former anchor of CBS Sunday Morning, died of SLE complications in 1997.[92]<br />
* Ferdinand Marcos, former Philippine president, died of SLE complications in 1989.[93]<br />
* Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress; blames her SLE on leaky silicone breast implants.[94]<br />
* Flannery O'Connor, American fiction writer who died of SLE complications in 1964.[95]<br />
* Elaine Paige, British actress and singer[96]<br />
* Tim Raines, former major league baseball player[97]<br />
* Mercedes Scelba-Shorte, America's Next Top Model Season Two runner-up and model.[98]<br />
* Ray Walston, character actor who died of SLE complications in 2001 after a six-year battle with the disease.[99]<br />
* Michael Wayne, Hollywood director, and producer, part owner of Batjac Productions, son of legendary actor John Wayne, died of heart failure resulting from SLE complications in 2003.[100]<br />
* Kéllé Bryan, member of 90s British pop group Eternal, became ill with lupus in 1999.[101]<br />
* Toni Braxton, American R&B singer, songwriter and actress.[102]<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LEUKIMIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia adalah proliferasi sel darah putih yang masih imatur dalam jaringan pembentuk darah. (Suriadi, & Rita yuliani, 2001: 175).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia adalah proliferasi tak teratur atau akumulasi sel darah putih dalam sum-sum tulang menggantikan elemen sum-sum tulang normal (Smeltzer, S C and Bare, B.G, 2002: 248)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia adalah suatu keganasan pada alat pembuat sel darah berupa proliferasio patologis sel hemopoetik muda yang ditandai oleh adanya kegagalan sum-sum tulang dalam membentuk sel darah normal dan adanya infiltrasi ke jaringan tubuh yang lain. (Arief Mansjoer, dkk, 2002: 495)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia adalah neoplasma akut atau kronis dari sel-sel pembentuk darah dalam sumsum tulang dan limfa nadi (Reeves, 2001). Sifat khas leukemia adalah proliferasi tidak teratur atau akumulasi ssel darah putih dalam sumusm tulang, menggantikan elemen sumsum tulang normal. Juga terjadi proliferasi di hati, limpa dan nodus limfatikus, dan invasi organ non hematologis, seperti meninges, traktus gastrointesinal, ginjal dan kulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan dari beberapa pengetian diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa leukimia adalah suatu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh prolioferasi abnormal dari sel-sel leukosit yang menyebabkan terjadinya kanker pada alat pembentuk darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">kanker</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">dimulai</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">jaringan</span> <span class="hps">yang membentuk</span> <span class="hps">darah</span>. <span class="hps">Untuk memahami</span> <span class="hps">kanker</span>, <span class="hps">hal ini membantu</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">mengetahui bagaimana</span> <span class="hps">membentuk sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">yang normal</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">Darah</span> <span class="hps">Normal</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">sel-sel darah</span> <span class="hps">berkembang</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">sel-sel di</span> <span class="hps">sumsum</span> <span class="hps">tulang</span> <span class="hps">yang disebut</span> <span class="hps">sel-sel induk</span>. <span class="hps">Sumsum</span> <span class="hps">tulang</span> <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">bahan yang lembut</span> <span class="hps">di</span> <span class="hps">tengah</span> <span class="hps">sebagian besar tulang.</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">induk</span> <span class="hps">dewasa</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">berbagai jenis</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span>. <span class="hps">Setiap</span> <span class="hps">jenis</span> <span class="hps">pekerjaan</span> <span class="hps">khusus</span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">White Blood</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">Cells</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">putih</span> <span class="hps">membantu</span> <span class="hps">melawan infeksi</span>. <span class="hps">Ada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa jenis</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">Darah Merah</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">merah</span> <span class="hps">membawa oksigen</span> <span class="hps">ke</span> <span class="hps">jaringan</span> <span class="hps">seluruh</span> <span class="hps">tubuh</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">membantu</span> <span class="hps">gumpalan</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">terbentuk</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">mengendalikan</span> <span class="hps">perdarahan</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span>, <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">merah</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">platelet</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">dibuat</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">batang</span> <span class="hps">yang dibutuhkan tubuh</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span>. <span class="hps">Ketika</span> <span class="hps">sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">tumbuh</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">tua</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">rusak</span>, <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">mati</span>, <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">baru</span> <span class="hps">mengambil tempat</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sel punca</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">bisa</span> <span class="hps">tumbuh menjadi</span> <span class="hps">berbagai jenis</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yitu </span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sel induk</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">matang</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">baik</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">batang</span> <span class="hps">myeloid</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">sel induk</span> <span class="hps">limfoid</span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">induk</span> <span class="hps">myeloid</span> <span class="hps">matang</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">ledakan</span> <span class="hps">myeloid</span>. <span class="hps">Ledakan</span> <span class="hps">itu</span> <span class="hps">dapat</span> <span class="hps">membentuk</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">merah</span>, <span class="hps">trombosit</span>, <span class="hps">atau salah satu</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">beberapa jenis</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">induk</span> <span class="hps">limfoid</span> <span class="hps">matang</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">ledakan</span> <span class="hps">limfoid</span>. <span class="hps">Ledakan</span> <span class="hps">itu</span> <span class="hps">dapat</span> <span class="hps">membentuk</span> <span class="hps">satu</span> <span class="hps">dari beberapa jenis</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span>, seperti <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">B</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">T</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span class="hps"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">terbentuk</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">ledakan</span> <span class="hps">myeloid</span> <span class="hps">berbeda</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">sel</span> <span class="hps">darah</span> <span class="hps">putih</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">terbentuk</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">ledakan</span> <span class="hps">limfoid</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab yang pasti belum diketahui, akan tetapi terdapat faktor predisposisi yang menyebabkan terjadinya leukemia, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor genetik: virus tertentu menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan struktur gen (Tcell Leukemia – Lhymphoma Virus/HLTV).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Radiasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang terpapar sangat tinggi tingkat radiasi jauh lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk mendapatkan leukemia myeloid akut, leukemia myeloid kronis, atau leukemia limfositik akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Seperti<span> </span>dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lingkungan kerja, pranatal, dan pengobatan kanker sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ledakan bom atom: Sangat radiasi tingkat tinggi telah disebabkan oleh ledakan bom atom (seperti yang di Jepang selama Perang Dunia II). Orang, terutama anak-anak, yang bertahan hidup ledakan bom atom akan meningkatkan risiko leukemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi radiasi: Sumber lain terkena radiasi tingkat tinggi adalah pengobatan untuk kanker dan kondisi lainnya. Terapi radiasi dapat meningkatkan risiko leuke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Diagnostik rontgen: x Gigi-ray dan lainnya diagnostik x-ray (seperti scan CT) mengekspos orang ke tingkat yang lebih rendah radiasi. Ini belum diketahui apakah tingkat rendah radiasi untuk anak-anak atau orang dewasa terkait dengan leukemia. Para peneliti sedang mempelajari apakah memiliki banyak sinar-x dapat meningkatkan risiko leukemia. Mereka juga belajar apakah CT scan selama masa kanak-kanak dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko leukemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat imunosupresif, obat-obat kardiogenik seperti diethylstilbestrol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Kimia, seperti: benzena</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paparan terhadap benzena di tempat kerja dapat menyebabkan leukemia myeloid akut. Hal ini juga dapat menyebabkan leukemia myeloid kronis atau leukemia limfositik akut. Benzene digunakan secara luas dalam industri kimia. Ini juga ditemukan dalam asap rokok dan bensin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor herediter, misalnya pada kembar monozigot.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan kromosom, (Suriadi & Rita Yuliani, 2001: hal. 177)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindrom Down dan beberapa penyakit warisan lain: sindrom Down dan beberapa penyakit lain mewarisi meningkatkan risiko pengembangan leukemia akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindrom myelodysplastic dan kelainan darah tertentu lainnya: Orang dengan kelainan darah tertentu akan meningkatkan risiko leukemia myeloid akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia biasanya mengenai sel-sel darah putih. Penyebab dari sebagian besar jenis leukemia tidak diketahui. Pemaparan terhadap penyinaran (radiasi) dan bahan kimia tertentu (misalnya benzena) dan pemakaian obat antikanker, meningkatkan resiko terjadinya leukemia. Orang yang memiliki kelainan genetik tertentu (misalnya sindroma Down dan sindroma myelodysplastic), juga lebih peka terhadap leukemia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis Leukimia</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia Mielogenus Akut (ALM)<br />
AML mengenai sel stem hematopeotik yang kelak berdiferensiasi ke semua sel Mieloid: monosit, granulosit, eritrosit, eritrosit dan trombosit. Semua kelompok usia dapat terkena; insidensi meningkat sesuai bertambahnya usia. Merupakan leukemia nonlimfositik yang paling sering terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Leukimia Mielogenus Kronis (CML)<br />
CML juga dimasukkan dalam sistem keganasan sel stem mieloid. Namun lebih banyak sel normal dibanding bentuk akut, sehingga penyakit ini lebih ringan. CML jarang menyerang individu di bawah 20 tahun. Manifestasi mirip dengan gambaran AML tetapi tanda dan gejala lebih ringan, pasien menunjukkan tanpa gejala selama bertahun-tahun, peningkatan leukosit kadang sampai jumlah yang luar biasa, limpa membesar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia Limfositik Akut (ALL)<br />
ALL dianggap sebagai proliferasi ganas limfoblast. Sering terjadi pada anak-anak, laki-laki lebih banyak dibanding perempuan, puncak insiden usia 4 tahun, setelah usia 15 ALL jarang terjadi. Manifestasi limfosit immatur berproliferasi dalam sumsum tulang dan jaringan perifer, sehingga mengganggu perkembangan sel normal..</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia Limfositik Kronis (CLL)<br />
CLL merupakan kelainan ringan mengenai individu usia 50 sampai 70 tahun. Manifestasi klinis pasien tidak menunjukkan gejala, baru terdiagnosa saat pemeriksaan fisik atau penanganan penyakit lain.<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran Klinis</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Malaise</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kelelahan otot</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirkulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpitasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Takikardi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mur-mur jantung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">membran mukosa pucat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri tekan perianal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">darah merah terang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">feses hitam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penurunan haluaran urin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Integritas ego</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perasaan tidak berdaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menarik diri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">takut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah terangsang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ansietas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan/cairan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anoreksia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perubahan rasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">faringitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penurunan berat badan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disfagia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurosensori</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penurunan koordinasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disorientasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pusing kesemutan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">parestesia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aktivitas kejang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">otot mudah terangsang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri abomen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sakit kepala</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri sendi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perilaku hati-hati gelisah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernafasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nafas pendek</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">batuk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dispneu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">takipneu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ronkhi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gemericik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penurunan bunyi nafas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keamanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gangguan penglihatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perdarahan spontan tidak terkontrol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">demam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kemerahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">purpura</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembesaran nodus limfe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seksualitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perubahan libido</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perubahan menstruasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">impotensi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menoragia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Insiden</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ALL (Acute Lymphoid Leukemia) adalah insiden paling tinggi terjadi pada anak-anak yang berusia antara 3 dan 5 tahun. Anak perempuan menunjukkan prognosis yang lebih baik daripada anak laki-laki. Anak kulit hitam mempunyai frekuensi remisi yang lebih sedikit dan angka kelangsungan hidup (survival rate) rata-rata yang juga lebih rendah. ANLL (Acute Nonlymphoid Leukemia) mencakup 15% sampai 25% kasus leukemia pada anak. Resiko terkena penyakit ini meningkat pada anak yang mempunyai kelainan kromosom bawaan seperti Sindrom Down. Lebih sulit dari ALL dalam hal menginduksi remisi (angka remisi 70%). Remisinya lebih singkat pada anak-anak dengan ALL. Lima puluh persen anak yang mengalami pencangkokan sumsum tulang memiliki remisi berkepanjangan. (Betz, Cecily L. 2002. hal : 300).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pathofisiologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normalnya tulang marrow diganti dengan tumor yang malignan, imaturnya sel blast. Adanya proliferasi sel blast, produksi eritrosit dan platelet terganggu sehingga akan menimbulkan anemia dan trombositipenia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem retikuloendotelial akan terpengaruh dan menyebabkan gangguan sistem pertahanan tubuh dan mudah mengalami infeksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi akan tampak pada gambaran gagalnya bone marrow dan infiltrasi organ, sistem saraf pusat. Gangguan pada nutrisi dan metabolisme. Depresi sumsum tulang yang akan berdampak pada penurunan lekosit, eritrosit, faktor pembekuan dan peningkatan tekanan jaringan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya infiltrasi pada ekstra medular akan berakibat terjadinya pembesaran hati, limfe, nodus limfe, dan nyeri persendian. (Suriadi, & Yuliani R, 2001: hal. 175)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung darah lengkap : menunjukkan normositik, anemia normositik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobulin : dapat kurang dari 10 gr/100ml</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Retikulosit : jumlah biasaya rendah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit : sangat rendah (< 50000/mm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SDP : mungkin lebih dari 50000/cm dengan peningkatan SDP immatur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PTT : memanjang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LDH : mungkin meningkat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam urat serum : mungkin meningkat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muramidase serum : pengikatan pada leukemia monositik akut dan mielomonositik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Copper serum : meningkat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>k.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zink serum : menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>l.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto dada dan biopsi nodus limfe : dapat mengindikasikan derajat keterlibatan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Therapy</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan kemoterapi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Irradiasi kranial</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat tiga fase pelaksanaan keoterapi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase induksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimulasi 4-6 minggu setelah diagnosa ditegakkan. Pada fase ini diberikan terapi kortikostreroid (prednison), vincristin dan L-asparaginase. Fase induksi dinyatakan behasil jika tanda-tanda penyakit berkurang atau tidak ada dan dalam sumsum tulang ditemukan jumlah sel muda kurang dari 5%.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase Profilaksis Sistem saraf pusat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini diberikan terapi methotrexate, cytarabine dan hydrocotison melaui intrathecal untuk mencegah invsi sel leukemia ke otak. Terapi irradiasi kranial dilakukan hanya pada pasien leukemia yang mengalami gangguan sistem saraf pusat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsolidasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini kombinasi pengobatan dilakukan unutk mempertahankan remisis dan mengurangi jumlah sel-sel leukemia yang beredar dalam tubuh. Secara berkala, mingguan atau bulanan dilakukan pemeriksaan darah lengkap untuk menilai respon sumsum tulang terhadap pengobatan. Jika terjadi supresi sumsum tulang, maka pengobatan dihentikan sementara atau dosis obat dikurangi.<br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Smeltzer Suzanne C. 2001. <i>Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth</i>. Alih bahasa Agung Waluyo, dkk. Editor Monica Ester, dkk. Ed. <span> </span>8. Jakarta : EGC.<br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tucker, Susan Martin et al. 1998. <span> </span><i>Patient care Standards : Nursing Process, diagnosis, And Outcome.</i> Alih bahasa Yasmin asih. Ed. 5. Jakarta : EGC. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Doenges, Marilynn E. 1999. <i>Nursing Care Plans: Guidelines For Planning And Documenting Patient Care</i>. Alih Bahasa I Made Kariasa. Ed. 3. Jakarta : EGC.<br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Price, Sylvia Anderson. 1994. <span> </span><i>Pathophysiology : Clinical Concepts Of Disease Processes</i>. Alih Bahasa Peter Anugrah. Ed. 4. Jakarta : EGC.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/article.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/article.htm</span></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><br />
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</span></div>gani anggarahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18240068722040584056noreply@blogger.com0